Al-Kamil

Frederick II (left) meets al-Kamil (right) al-Kamil Muhammad al-Malik (died 1238 ) was an Ayyubid sultan of Egypt , praised for defeating two crusades but also vilified for returning Jerusalem to the Christians . He was the son of sultan al-Adil , a brother of Saladin . In 1218 al-Kamil led the defense of Damietta against the Fifth Crusade , and later that year became sultan when his father died. In 1219 he was almost overthrown by a conspiracy among Coptic Christians , and considered fleeing to Yemen until the conspiracy was put down by his brother al-Mu'azzam , governor of Damascus . Al-Kamil made many offers of peace to the Crusaders, all of which were rejected, due to the influence of the papal legate Pelagius . He offered to return Jerusalem and rebuild its walls (which his brother had torn down earlier in the year), and to return the True Cross (which he probably did not have). At one point he even negotiated with Francis of Assisi , who had accompanied the crusade, and who apparently tried to convert the sultan. Due to famine and disease after the Nile failed to flood, al-Kamil could not defend Damietta and it was captured in November of 1219. The sultan withdrew to al-Mansourah , a fortress further up the Nile. After this there was little action until 1221, when al-Kamil offered peace again, but was again refused. The Crusaders marched out towards Cairo , but al-Kamil simply opened the dams and allowed the Nile to flood, and finally the Crusaders accepted an eight-year peace. He retook Damietta in September. In the following years there was a power struggle with his brother al-Mu'azzam, and al-Kamil was willing to accept a peace with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor , who was planning the Sixth Crusade . Al-Mu'azzam died in 1227 , eliminating the need for a peace, but Frederick had already arrived. After al-Mu'azzam's death, al-Kamil and his other brother al-Ashraf negotiated a treaty giving all of Palestine and Transjordan to al-Kamil and Syria to al-Ashraf. In February of 1229 al-Kamil negotiated a ten-year peace with Frederick II and returned Jerusalem and other holy sites to the Crusader kingdom . Muslims and Jews were forbidden from the city, except for the Muslim holy sites around the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa . Jerusalem had never recovered from Saladin's conquest in 1187 , and as he would not allow the walls to be rebuilt, al-Kamil was not worried it becoming a centre of Christian power. Nevertheless many Muslims were still opposed to this treaty, as were many Christians, including the Patriarch of Jerusalem , who placed an interdict over the holiest city in Christianity (Frederick ignored it). After this there was peace with the Crusaders, but al-Kamil had to contend with the Seljuks and the Khwarezmians before he died in 1238. His sons as-Salih Ayyub and al-Adil II succeeded him in Syria and Egypt respectively, but the Ayyubid empire soon descended into civil war. In 1239 the treaty with Frederick expired, and Jerusalem came under Ayyubid control, until it was taken by the Khwarezmians in 1244 . Few gardeners are aware that al-Kamil is commemorated in the low-growing herb Achemilla with the glaucous leaves.¹