Anti-Zionism

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism , and a term which has been used to describe several very different religious and political points of view, both historically and in current debates. All these points of view have in common some form of opposition to Zionism, but their diversity of motivation and expression is so great that "anti-Zionism" cannot be seen as a single phenomenon. This article examines opposition to Zionism both historically and as it currently exists.

( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article is about opposition to and criticism of Zionism. Protest against the Gaza War in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania , 2009 Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism ( , , translit. Tziyonut , after Zion ), an ethnonationalist and political movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (also referred to as Palestine , Canaan or the Holy Land ). In the modern era, anti-Zionism is broadly defined as the opposition to the idea of an establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine , or to the modern State of Israel as defined as A Jewish and Democratic State . The term is used to describe various religious, moral and political points of view, but their diversity of motivation and expression is sufficiently different that "anti-Zionism" cannot be seen as having a single ideology or source. Many notable Jewish and non-Jewish sources, including French Prime Minister Manuel Valls , have claimed that anti-Zionism has become a cover for modern-day antisemitism . Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II .

Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism . The term is broadly defined in the modern era as opposition to the State of Israel or, prior to 1948, its establishment. It has also been defined as opposition to the political movement of Jews to self-determination within the territory variously referred to as the Land of Israel , Palestine , Canaan , or the Holy Land . The term is used to describe various religious, moral and political points of view, but their diversity of motivation and expression is sufficiently different that "anti-Zionism" cannot be seen as having a single ideology or source. There is also a difference between how it is discussed philosophically and how it is enacted within a political or social campaign. Some sources take the view that anti-Zionism has become a cover for modern-day antisemitism , a position that critics have challenged as a tactic to silence criticism of Israeli policies . Others, such as Steven M. Cohen , Brian Klug and Todd Gitlin , see no correlation between the two. "What's the difference between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism?" BBC . 29 April 2016. 8 February 2019.

Opposition to Jewish ethnonationalism "Anti-Israel" redirects here. The August 1917 memorandum by Edwin Montagu , the only Jew then in a senior British government position, stating his opposition to the pro-Zionist Balfour Declaration , and that he viewed it as antisemitic The first large-scale anti-Zionist demonstrations in Palestine , March 1920, during the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration . The crowd of Muslim and Christian Palestinians are shown outside Damascus Gate , Old City of Jerusalem Two early examples of anti-Zionism Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism . Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the modern State of Israel , and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestine – the biblical Land of Israel – was flawed or unjust in some way. Until World War II, anti-Zionism was widespread among Jews for varying reasons. Orthodox Jews opposed Zionism on religious grounds, as preempting the Messiah , while secular Jews felt uncomfortable with the idea that Jewish peoplehood was a national or ethnic identity. Opposition to Zionism in the Jewish diaspora was surmounted only from the 1930s onward, as conditions for Jews deteriorated radically in Europe and, with the Second World War, the sheer scale of the Holocaust struck home. Thereafter, Jewish anti-Zionist groups generally either disintegrated or transformed into pro-Zionist organizations, though many small groups , and bodies like the American Council for Judaism , conserved an earlier Reform tradition of rejection of Zionism. Non-Jewish anti-Zionism likewise spanned communal and religious groups, with the Arab population of Palestine largely opposed to what it considered the colonial dispossession of its homeland. Opposition to Zionism was, and continues to be, widespread in the Arab world , especially among Palestinians . Zionism's proponents note its success in establishing the Jewish state of Israel in the region of Palestine , and seek to portray anti-Zionism as broad opposition to Israel and a Jewish presence in the region. Supporters of Zionism often highlight that some antisemites hold anti-Zionist views. The relationship between Zionism, anti-Zionism and antisemitism is debated, with some academics and organizations that study antisemitism taking the view that anti-Zionism is inherently antisemitic or new antisemitism , while others reject any such linkage as unfounded and a method to stifle criticism of Israel and its policies, including its occupation of the West Bank . "What's the difference between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism?" BBC . 29 April 2016. 2 November 2022. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

Opposition to Zionism For criticism of Israel, see Criticism of Israel . The first large-scale anti-Zionist demonstrations in Palestine , March 1920, during the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration . The crowd of Muslim and Christian Palestinians are shown outside Damascus Gate , Old City of Jerusalem . Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism . Although anti-Zionism is a heterogeneous phenomenon, all its proponents agree that the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, and the movement to create a sovereign Jewish state in the region of Palestine —a region partly coinciding with the biblical Land of Israel —was flawed or unjust in some way. Until World War II, anti-Zionism was widespread among Jews for varying reasons. Orthodox Jews opposed Zionism on religious grounds, as preempting the Messiah , while many secular Jewish anti-Zionists identified more with ideals of the Enlightenment and saw Zionism as a reactionary ideology. Opposition to Zionism in the Jewish diaspora was surmounted only from the 1930s onward, as conditions for Jews deteriorated radically in Europe and, with the Second World War, the sheer scale of the Holocaust was felt. Thereafter, Jewish anti-Zionist groups generally either disintegrated or transformed into pro-Zionist organizations, though many small groups , and bodies like the American Council for Judaism , conserved an earlier Reform tradition of rejection of Zionism. Non-Jewish anti-Zionism likewise spanned communal and religious groups, with the Arab populace of Palestine largely opposed to what they considered the colonial dispossession of their homeland. Opposition to Zionism was, and continues to be, widespread in the Arab world , especially among Palestinians . Anti-Zionism comes in various forms. Some anti-Zionists seek to replace Israel and its occupied territories with a single state that would give Jews and Palestinians equal rights. These Anti-Zionists have argued that a binational state would still realize Jewish self-determination, as self-determination need not imply a separate state. Some others are anti-Zionist for religious reasons, such as the Satmar Jews, and some seek instead the oppression or ethnic cleansing of Israeli Jews, although these positions are rare in Western countries. Some supporters of Zionism highlight that some antisemites hold anti-Zionist views. The relationship between Zionism, anti-Zionism and antisemitism is debated, with some academics and organizations that study antisemitism taking the view that anti-Zionism is inherently antisemitic or new antisemitism , while others reject any such linkage as unfounded and a form of weaponization of antisemitism in order to stifle criticism of Israel and its policies, including its occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip . Not all anti-Zionisms are the same. As we've seen, some religious groups like the Satmar oppose Zionism for theological reasons. There are also illiberal opponents of Zionism who dream of replacing the oppression and displacement of Palestinians with the oppression or displacement of Israeli Jews. But at least in the United States and other Western societies, these are relatively rare positions....I've long been sympathetic to the idea of a one-state solution for Israel and Palestine. Simply granting equality to everyone who lives within Israel's current borders and letting the refugees return home would mean a state with roughly equal numbers of Jewish and Palestinian citizens. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).