Bat Ye'or

Bat Ye'or is the pseudonym of an Egyptian -born British author and researcher; it means "daughter of the Nile " in Hebrew . She is best known for attempting to popularize the use of the term Dhimmitude , the collective experience of dhimmis , or "protected peoples", religious minorities living among an Islamic majority. She credits Lebanese politician and militia-leader Bachir Gemayel for the term. Bat Ye'or has spoken at a United Nations Commission on Human Rights -organized conference [1] and spoken before the United States Congress . [2] Some historians regard her work as politically opinionated rather than factual, although others have regarded it as scholarly. Bat Yeor has authored of 4 books focusing on dhimmitude : Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam (1985) Decline of Eastern Christianity: From Jihad to Dhimmitude (1996) Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide (2001) Eurabia: The EURO-Arab AXIS (2005)

Bat Ye'or ( , meaning "daughter of the Nile ") is a pseudonym of Gisèle Littman , née Orebi , an Egyptian-born British writer and political commentator who writes about the history of Middle Eastern Christian and Jewish dhimmis living under Islamic governments. In addition to these works, she has also has published works on European countries, such as Eurabia : The Euro-Arab Axis . Due to her startling theories and much of her research being original, Ye'or has become a figure of controversy. Was the Oslo killer radicalized by what he read online ?" , Foreign Policy , 25 July 2011. The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude, Seventh-Twentieth Century (review)". International Journal of Middle East Studies . 30 (4).

Bat Ye'or ( ) is the pen name of Gisèle Littman , an Egyptian-born British author, focusing on the history of religious minorities in the Muslim world and modern European politics. Ye'or has popularized the concept of dhimmitude in her books about the history of Middle Eastern Christians and Jews living under Islamic governments. Ye'or describes dhimmitude as the "specific social condition that resulted from jihad ," and as the "state of fear and insecurity" of "infidels" who are required to "accept a condition of humiliation." She has also popularized the Islamophobic conspiracy theory Eurabia in her writings about modern Europe, in which she argues that Islam, anti-Americanism and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics as a result of collaboration between radical Arabs and Muslims on one hand, and fascists , socialists , Nazis , and antisemitic rulers of Europe on the other. Ye'or's work on the history of religious minorities under Islamic rule and her use of the term dhimmitude have had a predominantly critical reception among academic specialists in the field. Her work on this subject has been praised by some authors writing for a popular audience. Ye'or's other books have also been a subject of controversy.

British essayist and conspiracy theorist Gisèle Littman (born 1933), better known by her pen name Bat Ye'or ( , Daughter of the Nile ) is an Egyptian-born British author, who promotes the Eurabia conspiracy theory in her writings about modern Europe, in which she argues that Islam, anti-Americanism and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics. Ye'or has also written about the history of Christian and Jewish religious minorities living under Islamic governments, as part of which Ye'or has popularised the term dhimmitude to define the treatment of religious minorities in such contexts.

British essayist and conspiracy theorist Gisèle Littman ( née Orebi ; born 1933), better known by her pen name Bat Ye'or ( Hebrew : בת יאור , Daughter of the Nile ), is an Egyptian-born, British-Swiss author and historian, known for her promulgation of the Eurabia conspiracy theory . She claims that Islam , and its perceived anti-Americanism , anti-Christian sentiment and antisemitism hold sway over European culture and politics. Ye'or has also written about the history of Christian and Jewish religious minorities living under Islamic governments, as part of which Ye'or has popularised the term dhimmitude to define the treatment of religious minorities in such contexts.