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This article refers to the Mongol state in what is now Russia. It was one of the four Mongol successor kingdoms in the wake of the Mongol Empire , the others being the Ilkhanate Dynasty of Persia , the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia , and the Yuan Dynasty of China . At his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire amongst his four sons. Jochi was the eldest, but he was already dead and his paternity was in doubt, so the most distant lands trodden by the Mongol hoof, then southern Ruthenia , were divided among his sons, Batu leader of the Blue Horde (East), and Orda , leader of the White Horde (West). Chagatai was next eldest son of Genghis, but he was considered a hothead, and so was given central Asia and northern Iran . Ogedei , third oldest was made Great Khan and given China . Tolui , the youngest, was given the Mongol homeland. Batu conquered the Volga Bulgaria in 1236 . Batu commenced the Mongol invasion of Russia in 1237 . The Mongols quickly gained control of the steppe regions incorporating the local Turkic people into their army. There he overran much of Kievan Rus' , the Ruthenian state. He sacked its capital Kiev in 1240 , ending its prosperity. All of Kievan Rus except Novgorod was captured, and even Novgorod under Alexander Nevsky acknowledged the Khan's supremacy. Unlike the central Asian steppe Ruthenia was not incorporated into the Golden Horde, but was an independent vassal state paying tribute to the Khan. The Horde regarded Ruthenia as a peripheral area of little interest as long as it continued to pay tribute. In 1241 , however, the Great Khan Ogedei died, and Batu turned back from his siege of Vienna to take part in disputing the succession. In the same year, the Blue Horde split when Batu's younger brother Shayban left Batu's army to establish his own horde east of the Ural Mountains along the Ob and Irtish Rivers. The Mongol armies would never again travel so far west. In 1242 , Batu established his capital at Sarai . In 1255 Batu died and passed the Horde on to his heir Sartak . The Horde quickly lost its Mongol identity. Most of its population were Turks, Uzbeks and other indigenous nomads. It became a settled rather than nomadic culture, with Sarai becoming a large and prosperous metropolis. The Horde also quickly adopted Islam , abandoning the animist Mongol beliefs. The Horde's Ruthenian policy was one of constantly switching alliances in an attempt to keep Ruthenia weak and divided. In the 14th century the rise of Lithuania in North East Europe posed a challenge to Tatar control over Ruthenia. Thus the Khan began backing Moscow as the leading Ruthenian state. Ivan I Kalita was granted the title of grand prince and given the right to collect taxes from the other Ruthenian princes. In 1357 , the Khan Jani Beg was assassinated and the empire fell into a long civil war , averaging one new Khan per annum for the next few decades. During this time Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow attempted to break free of the Horde's power. Mamai , the Tatar general who did not formally hold the throne, attempted to reassert Tatar authority over Ruthenia. His army was defeated by Dmitri at the Battle of Kulikovo in the second Ruthenian victory over the Tatars. Mamai soon fell from power, and in 1378, Tokhtamysh , a descendant of Orda Khan and ruler of the White Horde, invaded and annexed the territory of the Blue Horde, establishing the Golden Horde. He sacked Moscow as punishment for its insubordination in 1382 . In the 1440s , the Horde was again wracked by civil war. This time it broke up into five separate Khanates : Siberia Khanante , Khanate of Kazan , Khanate of Astrakhan , and Khanate of the Crimea all seceding from what remained of the Golden Horde (Great or Big Horde ). None of these new Khanates were stronger than Muscovy , which finally broke free of Tatar control about 1480 (see Great standing on the Ugra river ). Each Khanate was eventually annexed by it. Both Kazan and Astrakhan were annexed by Ivan the Terrible , who renamed the state Russia , in the 1550s . By the end of the century the Siberia Khanate was also part of Russia. The Khanate of the Crimea became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in 1475 and in 1502 it conquered and annexed what remained of the Golden Horde. Under the protection of the Ottomans, the Khanate of Crimea continued its existence until annexed by Russia on April 8 1783 under the reign of Catherine the Great . They were by far the longest-lived of the successor states to the Mongol Empire . The name Golden is believed to come from the steppe color-direction system : black — north, blue — east, red — south, white — west, and yellow (or gold) — center. There are no known written records dated prior to 17th century (well after the destruction) that refer to the state as Golden Horde . There only records of Ulus of Jochi and various derivatives of Kipchak .1
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The Golden Horde ( ; ; Russian: Золотая Орда , Zolotaya Orda ) is an East Slavic designation for the Mongol —later Turkicized — Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia , Ukraine , Moldova , Kazakhstan , and the Caucasus .Also known as the Ulus of Jochi or the Kipchak Khanate (not to be confused with the earlier Kipchak khanate prior to its conquest by the Mongols), the territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the right banks of the Danube River , extending east deep into Siberia .On the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea , the Caucasus Mountains , and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate .The origins of the name "Golden Horde" is a uncertain.Some scholars believe that it refers to the army camp of Batu and the later rulers of the Horde.In Mongolian, Altan Orda refers to the golden camp or palace ( , Altan Ordon = Golden Palace ).Altan (golden) was also the color connoting imperial status.Other sources mention that Batu had a golden tent, and it is from this that the Golden Horde received its name.While this legend is persistent, no one is positive of the origin of the term.In most contemporary sources, the Golden Horde was referred to as the Khanate of the Qipchaq , as the Qipchaq Turks comprised the majority of the nomadic population in the region.After Batu's death in 1255, the prosperity of his dynasty lasted for a full century until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai did invoke a partial civil war in the late 1290s.The Horde's military clout peaked during the reign of Uzbeg (1312–41), who adopted Islam as state religion .Beginning in 1359 the Golden Horde had begun to experience violent internal political disorder before it was briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh in 1381.However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Tamerlane , it broke into smaller Tatar khanates that declined steadily in power until 1502.The Mongols and Russia , Yale University Press , 1953 " Empire of the Golden Horde ", The Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition, 2001-05." Golden Horde ", in Encyclopaedia Britannica , 2007.Quotation: " also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century.The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy." The named reference "Britannica1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ).
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Today part of Russia Ukraine Kazakhstan Moldova Belarus Romania Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Georgia Azerbaijan Bulgaria China Poland The Golden Horde ( , Altan Ordu , Зүчийн улс, Züchii-in Uls ; Russian: Золотая Орда , romanized : Zolotaya Orda ; Tatar : Алтын Урда Altın Urda ) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate , established in the 13th century, which comprised the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire .The khanate is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi .After the death of Batu Khan in 1255, the prosperity of his dynasty lasted for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai did instigate a partial civil war in the late 1290s.The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg (1312–41), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the bank of the Danube River , extending east deep into Siberia . In the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea , the Caucasus Mountains , and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate . The khanate experienced violent internal political disorder beginning in 1359, before it was briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh in 1381. However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Tamerlane , it broke into smaller Tatar khanates that declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century the Horde began to fall apart.By 1433 it was being referred to simply as the Great Horde.Within its territories there emerged numerous, predominantly Turkic-speaking, khanates.These internal struggles allowed the northern vassal state of Muscovy to rid itself of the " Tatar Yoke " at the Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480. Quotation: " also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy." They are not to be confused with the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols " Golden Horde ", in Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007.
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Mongol Khanate Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ("people" or "patrimony") of Djochi , while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde ( ulu orda ).Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army.Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery.The Golden Horde ( ; , Altın Orda ; , Altın Urda ) or Ulug Ulus - lit.“Great State” in Turkic was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire .With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi . After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s.The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam.The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube River , and extended east deep into Siberia . In the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea , the Caucasus Mountains , and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate . The khanate experienced violent internal political disorder beginning in 1359, before it briefly reunited (1381–1395) under Tokhtamysh .However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Timur , the founder of the Timurid Empire , the Golden Horde broke into smaller Tatar khanates which declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century, the Horde began to fall apart. By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the " Great Horde ". Within its territories there emerged numerous predominantly Turkic-speaking khanates. These internal struggles allowed the northern vassal state of Muscovy to rid itself of the " Tatar Yoke " at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate , the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively.The Black Death (Revised Edition) .Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222.The State Hermitage Museum, Sankt Petersburg . Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols.
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1242–1502 Turkicized Mongol khanate This article is about the Mongol khanate established in the 13th century. Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery. Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery. The Golden Horde , self-designated as Ulug Ulus , lit. 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire . With the disintegration of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate.It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi , and it replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation . After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south, while bordering the Caucasus Mountains and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate .The khanate experienced violent internal political disorder known as the Great Troubles (1359–1381), before it briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh (1381–1395). However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Timur , the founder of the Timurid Empire , the Golden Horde broke into smaller Tatar khanates which declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century, the Horde began to fall apart. By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the " Great Horde ". Within its territories there emerged numerous predominantly Turkic khanates. These internal struggles allowed the northern vassal state of Muscovy to rid itself of the " Tatar Yoke " at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480. The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate , the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively. The Black Death (Revised ed.). "The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde". Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. The State Hermitage Museum, Sankt Petersburg . Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).
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1242–1502 Turkicized Mongol khanate This article is about the Mongol khanate established in the 13th century. Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery. Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery. The Golden Horde , self-designated as Ulug Ulus ( lit. ' Great State ' in Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire . With the division of the Mongol Empire after 1259, it became a functionally separate khanate.It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or the Ulus of Jochi , and replaced the earlier, less organized Cuman–Kipchak confederation .It originally consisted of the lands bequeathed to Jochi ( d. 1225 ).It greatly grew in size under Batu Khan , the founder of the Blue Horde . After Batu's death in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai instigated a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Özbeg Khan (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak extended from Siberia and Central Asia to parts of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube in the west, and from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea in the south, while bordering the Caucasus Mountains and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate . The khanate experienced violent internal political disorder known as the Great Troubles (1359–1381), before it briefly reunited under Tokhtamysh (1381–1395). However, soon after the 1396 invasion of Timur , the founder of the Timurid Empire , the Golden Horde broke into smaller Tatar khanates which declined steadily in power. At the start of the 15th century, the Horde began to fall apart. By 1466, it was being referred to simply as the " Great Horde ". Within its territories there emerged numerous predominantly Turkic khanates. These internal struggles allowed Moscow to formally rid itself of the "Tatar yoke" at the Great Stand on the Ugra River in 1480, which traditionally marks the end of Mongol rule over Russia.The Crimean Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate , the last remnants of the Golden Horde, survived until 1783 and 1847 respectively, when they were conquered by the expanding Russian state. "The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. Saint Petersburg: The State Hermitage Museum .The Cambridge History of Russia . Also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for Juchi's Ulus, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were mainly a mixture of Turkic and Uralic peoples and Sarmatians & Scythians and, to a lesser extent, Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy. Distinguish the Kipchak Khanate from the earlier Cuman-Kipchak confederation in the same region that had previously held sway, before its conquest by the Mongols. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).
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“annexation” appeared 7 times in this article's opening at its peak. Today it appears nowhere in the article, references included. Read the current article and compare.
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Mongol origins (1225–1241)3,097 characters
Great Horde (1459–1502)2,294 characters
Russian conquests586 characters
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