Hussein, King of Hejaz

Sayyid Hussein bin Ali , GCB (1854 — June 4, 1931) (حسین بن علی; Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī ) was the Sharif of Mecca , and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself King of Hejaz , which received international recognition. In 1924, he further proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims. He ruled Hejaz until 1924, when, defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud , he abdicated the kingdom and other secular titles to his eldest son Ali.

( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Hussein bin Ali , GCB ( , al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī al-Hāshimī ; 1854 – 4 June 1931) was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself and was internationally recognized as King of the Kingdom of Hejaz . He initiated the Arab Revolt in 1916 against the increasingly nationalistic Ottoman Empire during the course of the First World War . In 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished , he further proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims. He ruled Hejaz until 1924, when, defeated by Abdul Aziz al Saud , he abdicated the kingdom and other secular titles to his eldest son Ali .

( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Hussein ibn Ali al-Hashimi ( , al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī al-Hāshimī ; 1853/1854 – 4 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire , King of the Hejaz from 1916 to 1924. At the end of his reign he also briefly laid claim to the office of Caliph . He was said to be a 37th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad as he belongs to the Hashemite family. A member of the Awn clan of the Qatadid emirs of Mecca, he was perceived to have rebellious inclinations and in 1893 was summoned to Constantinople where he was kept on the Council of State. In 1908, in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution , he was appointed Emir of Mecca by Sultan Abdul Hamid II . In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, he proclaimed the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire , accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of Islam and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph. Shortly after the outbreak of the revolt, Hussein declared himself 'King of the Arab Countries'. However, his pan-Arab aspirations were not accepted by the Allies , who recognised him only as King of the Hejaz. After World War I Hussein refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles , in protest at the Balfour Declaration and the establishment of British and French mandates in Syria , Iraq , and Palestine . He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus deprived himself of British support when his kingdom was invaded by Ibn Saud . In March 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished , Hussein proclaimed himself Caliph of all Muslims . In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali . His sons Faisal and Abdullah were made rulers of Iraq and Transjordan respectively in 1921. APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map . 2005. : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link )

Sharif and Emir of Mecca (1854–1931) For people with similar names, see Hussein bin Ali (disambiguation) . Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ; 1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire , King of the Hejaz , even if he refused this title, from 1916 to 1924. He proclaimed himself Caliph after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 and stayed in power until 1925 when Hejaz was invaded by the Saudis . He is usually considered as the father of modern pan-Arabism . In 1908, in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution , Hussein was appointed Sharif of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II . In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, he proclaimed the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire , accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of Islam and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph. In the aftermath of World War I , Hussein refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles , in protest at the Balfour Declaration and the establishment of British and French mandates in Syria , Iraq , and Palestine . He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus deprived himself of British support when his kingdom was attacked by Ibn Saud . In March 1924, when the Ottoman Caliphate was abolished , Hussein proclaimed himself "Caliph of all Muslims ". His sons Faisal and Abdullah were made rulers of Iraq and Transjordan respectively in 1921. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali . After the Kingdom of Hejaz was invaded by the Al Saud - Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan , on 23 December 1925 King Hussein bin Ali surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sharifate of Mecca and the Sharifian Caliphate to an end. His Caliphate was opposed by the British Empire , the Zionists and the Wahhabis alike. However, he received support from a large part of the Muslim population of that time and from Mehmed VI . Hussein went into exile to Cyprus , where the British kept him prisoner until his health deteriorated so much that they allowed him to go back to Amman , next to his son Abdallah I of Jordan . He died in Amman in 1931 and was buried as a Caliph in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound. APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map . 2005. : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) Roshwald, Aviel (2013). The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945" . In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism . The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title. The new Islamic dynasties : a chronological and genealogical manual . "Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite Vision of the Post-Ottoman Order: From Chieftaincy to Suzerainty" . Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses . "Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein" . "«مملكة الحجاز».. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" . جريدة الوطن (in Arabic) . Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses . Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)" . There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).

Sharif and Emir of Mecca (1854–1931) For people with similar names, see Hussein bin Ali (disambiguation) . Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( Arabic : ٱلْحُسَيْن بِن عَلِي ٱلْهَاشِمِي , romanized : al-Ḥusayn bin 'Alī al-Hāshimī pronunciation ; 1 May 1854 – 4 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire , King of the Hejaz , even if he refused this title, from 1916 to 1924. He proclaimed himself Caliph after the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 and stayed in power until 1925 when Hejaz was invaded by the Saudis . His Caliphate was opposed by the British and French empires, the Zionists and the Wahhabis alike. However, he received support from a large part of the Muslim population of that time and from Mehmed VI . He is usually considered as the father of modern pan-Arabism . In 1908, in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution , Hussein was appointed Sharif of Mecca by the Ottoman sultan Abdul Hamid II . His relationship with the Ottoman government deteriorated after the Committee of Union and Progress took power, particularly because of their policies of Turkification and persecution of ethnic minorities, including Arabs. In 1916, with the promise of British support for Arab independence, although it is debated as to what extent the British were influential in his choice, he proclaimed the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire , accusing the Committee of Union and Progress of violating tenets of Islam and limiting the power of the sultan-caliph. While his armies, led by his sons, were engaged in fighting the Ottoman and German troops in the Middle East , Hussein supported the Armenians during the Armenian genocide and saved up to 4,000 of them. In the aftermath of World War I , Hussein refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles , in protest of the Balfour Declaration , a document supporting the Jewish settlers in Palestine , and the establishment of British and French mandates in Syria , Iraq , and Palestine . His sons Faisal and Abdullah were made rulers of Iraq and Transjordan respectively in 1921. He later refused to sign the Anglo-Hashemite Treaty and thus was left in a very precarious position, the British decided progressively to stop supporting him after the proclamation of his caliphate and the refusal to sign any treaty with them. Thus, they decided to support Ibn Saud , who promptly launched an invasion of the Kingdom of Hejaz. In October 1924, facing defeat by Ibn Saud, he abdicated and was succeeded as king by his eldest son Ali bin Hussein . After Hejaz was subsequently completely invaded by the Ibn Saud - Wahhabi armies of the Ikhwan , on 23 December 1925, Hussein surrendered to the Saudis, bringing the Kingdom of Hejaz, the Sharifate of Mecca and the Sharifian Caliphate to an end. Hussein was then sent into exile to Cyprus , where the British kept him prisoner until his health deteriorated so much that they allowed him to go back to Amman , next to his son Abdullah I of Jordan . He died in Amman in 1931 and was buried as a Caliph in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). APS Diplomat Redrawing the Islamic Map . 2005. : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ( link ) Roshwald, Aviel (2013). The Emergence of Nationalism: Politics and Power – Nationalism in the Middle East, 1876–1945" . In Breuilly, John (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism . The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title. The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual . Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses . The idea of an Arab caliphate in British Middle Eastern policy in the era of the Great War (Doctoral thesis). Djihad 1914–1918: la France face au panislamisme . "Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein" . " "مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" . جريدة الوطن (in Arabic). Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses . OCLC 1113069713 . . نضال داود المومني (1996). الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة . Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".