The word “militant” appeared 1 times in this article's opening at its peak in 2005. Today the opening carries none, and neither does the rest of the article, references included.
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The opening as it read in 2005
Islam became a dynamic political and military force in the Middle East in the decades immediately following Muhammad 's death. By the late seventh century, Muslim conquerors had reached North Africa and moved south into the desert.1Although it is difficult to date the arrival and spread of Islam in Chad , by the time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century, the faith was already widespread.2Instead of being the product of conquest or the imposition of political power, Islamization in Chad was gradual, the effect of the slow spread of Islamic civilization beyond its political frontiers.3Islam in Chad has adapted to its local context in many ways. As a result, although many Chadian Muslims have attended Qur'anic schools, they often have learned to recite Qur'anic verses without understanding their meaning. Hence, perhaps even more than among those who understand Arabic, the recitation of verse has taken on a mystical character among Chadian Muslims. Islam in Chad also is syncretic.4Chadian Muslims have retained and combined pre-Islamic with Islamic rituals and beliefs.5Moreover, Islam in Chad was not particularly influenced by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages or the fundamentalist upheavals that affected the faith in the Middle East , West Africa , and Sudan .6Beginning in the Middle East in the thirteenth century, Muslim mystics sought to complement the intellectual comprehension of Islam with direct religious experience through prayer, contemplation, and action. The followers of these mystics founded brotherhoods ( tarika ), which institutionalized their teachers' interpretations of the faith. Such organizations stimulated the spread of Islam and also provided opportunities for joint action, for the most part, which was not the case in Chad, where only two brotherhoods exist.7Perhaps as a result of prolonged contact with West African Muslim traders and pilgrims, most Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order, but the brotherhood has not served as a rallying point for unified action.8Similarly, the Sanusiyya , a brotherhood founded in Libya in the mid-nineteenth century, enjoyed substantial economic and political influence in the Lake Chad Basin around 1900. Despite French fears of an Islamic revival movement led by " Sanusi fanatics," Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti , have never been numerous.9Chapelle writes that even though Chadian Islam adheres to the Maliki legal school (which, like the other three accepted schools of Islamic jurisprudence, is based on an extensive legal literature), most Islamic education relies solely on the Qur'an.10Higher Islamic education in Chad is all but nonexistent; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must go abroad.11Popular destinations include Khartoum and Cairo , where numerous Chadians attend Al Azhar , the most renowned university in the Islamic world. Chadian observance of the five pillars of the faith differs somewhat from the orthodox tradition. Moreover, Chadian Muslims probably make the pilgrimage less often than, for example, their Hausa counterparts in northern Nigeria . As for the Ramadan fast, the most fervent Muslims in Chad refuse to swallow their saliva during the day, a particularly stern interpretation of the injunction against eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset.12Finally, Chadian Islam is not particularly militant. Even if young Muslims in urban areas are aware of happenings in other parts of the Islamic world, they have not responded to fundamentalist appeals.13
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The earliest presence of Islam in Chad can be traced back to the legendary Uqba ibn Nafi , whose descendants can be found settled in the Lake Chad region to this day. .By the time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century in sizeable numbers, the creed was already well established. Instead of being the product of conquest or the imposition of political power, Islamization in Chad was gradual, the effect of the slow spread of Islamic civilization beyond its political frontiers . Chadian Muslims have retained and combined pre-Islamic with Islamic rituals and beliefs. Moreover, Islam in Chad was not particularly influenced by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages or the fundamentalist upheavals that affected the faith in the Middle East , West Africa , and Sudan . Perhaps as a result of prolonged contact with West African Muslim traders and pilgrims, most Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order, but the brotherhood has not served as a rallying point for unified action. Similarly, the Sanusiyya , a brotherhood founded in Libya in the mid-nineteenth century, enjoyed substantial economic and political influence in the Lake Chad Basin around 1900. Despite French fears of an Islamic revival movement led by " Sanusi fanatics," Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti , have never been numerous. Maliki , Hanafi , Shafi'i , and Hanbali schools of law: their core areas. Higher Islamic education in Chad is nonexistent; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must go abroad. Popular destinations include Khartoum and Cairo , where numerous Chadians attend Al Azhar . Chadian observance of the five pillars of the faith differs somewhat from the orthodox tradition. Moreover, Chadian Muslims probably make the pilgrimage less often than, for example, their Hausa counterparts in northern Nigeria . As for the Ramadan fast, the most fervent Muslims in Chad refuse to swallow their saliva during the day, a particularly stern interpretation of the injunction against eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset.
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A mosque in Abéché , Chad The earliest presence of Islam in Chad can be traced back to the legendary Uqba ibn Nafi , whose descendants can be found settled in the Lake Chad region to this day. By the time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century in sizeable numbers, the creed was already well established. Islamization in Chad was gradual, the effect of the slow spread of Islamic civilization beyond its political frontiers. Today the majority of Chadians are Muslims (55.7%), the vast majority of whom are Sunni of Maliki madhhab .In Chad, 55% of Muslims belong to a Sufi Tariqah (order). Chadian Muslims have retained and combined pre-Islamic with Islamic rituals and beliefs. Moreover, Islam in Chad was not particularly influenced by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages or the fundamentalist upheavals that affected the faith in the Middle East , West Africa , and Sudan . Perhaps as a result of prolonged contact with West African Muslim traders and pilgrims, most Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order, but the brotherhood has not served as a rallying point for unified action. Similarly, the Sanusiyya , a brotherhood founded in Libya in the mid-nineteenth century, enjoyed substantial economic and political influence in the Lake Chad Basin around 1900. Despite French fears of an Islamic revival movement led by " Sanusi fanatics," Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti , have never been numerous. Higher Islamic education in Chad is nonexistent; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must go abroad. Popular destinations include Khartoum and Cairo , where numerous Chadians attend Al Azhar . Chadian observance of the five pillars of the faith differs somewhat from the orthodox tradition. Moreover, Chadian Muslims probably make the pilgrimage less often than, for example, their Hausa counterparts in northern Nigeria . As for the Ramadan fast, the most fervent Muslims in Chad refuse to swallow their saliva during the day, a particularly stern interpretation of the injunction against eating or drinking between sunrise and sunset. Chad, a country study. 2nd ed.Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress ;For sale by the Supt. of Docs.Pew Forum on Religious & Public life.
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The opening as it stood in 2020 9 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
A mosque in Abéché , Chad The earliest presence of Islam in Chad can be traced back to the legendary Uqba ibn Nafi , whose descendants can be found settled in the Lake Chad region to this day. By the time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century in sizeable numbers, the creed was already well established. Islamization in Chad was gradual, the effect of the slow spread of Islamic civilization beyond its political frontiers. Among Chadian Muslims, 48% professed to be Sunni , 21% Shia , 4% Ahmadi and 23% just Muslim .Islam in Chad was not influenced much by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages , nor the fundamentalist upheavals that affected other countries.Consistent contact with West African Muslim traders and pilgrims may be the reason Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order.Similarly, in the mid-nineteenth century, the Sanusiyya brotherhood was founded in Libya, which benefited from economic and political influence in the Lake Chad Basin around 1900.An Islamic revival movement, feared by some French, led by Sanusi fanatics, Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti , have never been numerous.Higher Islamic education in Chad is sparse; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must travel to other countries.Scholars travel abroad to places such as Khartoum and Cairo , where Chadians attend Al Azhar .Chadians observe the five pillars of the faith differently than the orthodox version.Prayer, both public and communal, occur more than once a week, but often not in a mosque .Chadian Muslims likely make the pilgrimage less often than Hausans in northern Nigeria .Some Chadian Muslims follow the Ramadan fast stricter than typical, with some refusing to swallow their saliva during the day. Chad, a country study. 2nd ed. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress ;For sale by the Supt. of Docs.
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The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023 1 passage from the previous snapshot no longer appear
Religion in Chad A mosque in Abéché , Chad The earliest presence of Islam in Chad can be traced back to Uqba ibn Nafi , whose descendants can be found settled in the Lake Chad region to this day. By the time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century in sizeable numbers, the creed was already well established. Islamization in Chad was gradual, the effect of the slow spread of Islamic civilization beyond its political frontiers. Islam in Chad (Pew Research est. 2012) Sunni Islam (48.0%) Shia Islam (21.0%) Others (4.00%) Non-denominational muslims (23.0%) Islam in Chad was not influenced much by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages , nor the fundamentalist upheavals that affected other countries. Consistent contact with West African Muslim traders and pilgrims may be the reason Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order. Similarly, in the mid-nineteenth century, the Sanusiyya brotherhood was founded in Libya, which benefited from economic and political influence in the Lake Chad Basin around 1900. An Islamic revival movement, feared by some French, led by Sanusi fanatics, Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti , have never been numerous. Higher Islamic education in Chad is sparse; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must travel to other countries. Scholars travel abroad to places such as Khartoum and Cairo , where Chadians attend Al Azhar . Chadians observe the five pillars of the faith differently than the orthodox version. Prayer, both public and communal, occur more than once a week, but often not in a mosque . Chadian Muslims likely make the pilgrimage less often than Hausans in northern Nigeria . Some Chadian Muslims follow the Ramadan fast stricter than typical, with some refusing to swallow their saliva during the day. Chad, a country study. 2nd ed. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress ;For sale by the Supt. of Docs. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1154860468.
The opening as it stood in 2025
A mosque in Abéché , Chad The earliest presence of Islam in Chad can be traced back to Uqba ibn Nafi , whose descendants can be found settled in the Lake Chad region to this day. By the time Arab migrants began arriving from the east in the fourteenth century in sizeable numbers, the creed was already well established. Islamization in Chad was gradual, the effect of the slow spread of Islamic civilization beyond its political frontiers. Islam in Chad (Pew Research est. 2012) Sunni Islam (48.0%) Shia Islam (21.0%) Others (4.00%) Non-denominational muslims (23.0%) Islam in Chad was not influenced much by the great mystical movements of the Islamic Middle Ages , nor the fundamentalist upheavals that affected other countries. Consistent contact with West African Muslim traders and pilgrims may be the reason Chadian Muslims identify with the Tijaniyya order. Similarly, in the mid-nineteenth century, the Senusiyya brotherhood was founded in Libya, which benefited from economic and political influence in the Lake Chad Basin around 1900. An Islamic revival movement, feared by some French, led by Sanusi fanatics, Chadian adherents, limited to the Awlad Sulayman Arabs and the Toubou of eastern Tibesti , have never been numerous. Higher Islamic education in Chad is sparse; thus, serious Islamic students and scholars must travel to other countries. Scholars travel abroad to places such as Khartoum and Cairo , where Chadians attend Al Azhar . Chadians observe the five pillars of the faith differently than the orthodox version. Prayer, both public and communal, occur more than once a week, but often not in a mosque . Chadian Muslims likely make the pilgrimage less often than Hausans in northern Nigeria . Some Chadian Muslims follow the Ramadan fast stricter than typical, with some refusing to swallow their saliva during the day. Chad, a country study. 2nd ed. Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division Library of Congress ;For sale by the Supt. of Docs. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
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“militant” appeared 1 times in this article's opening at its peak. Today it appears nowhere in the article, references included. Read the current article and compare.
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