Wikipedia's first sentence called it “shorthand for the ensemble of revisions to the septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation w”. Today it says “group of revisions to the septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-masoret”.
Measured, not asserted. Every count, date and revision on this page was taken from Wikipedia's own history and checked against the live article. The words quoted are theirs.
Machine-checked against the full current article on 2026-08-03.
We saved snapshots of this article over twenty years; you are reading the 2020 one. Red dashes: removed from Wikipedia since.Pale dots: rewritten; the numbered note shows what it says now.Red text: written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot.1 tap a number or a side note to jump between them
The opening as it read in 2020
Group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic Hebrew Lower part of col. 18 (according to E. The arrow points at the divine name in paleo-Hebrew script The kaige revision , or simply kaige , is the group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic Hebrew . The name kaige derives from the revision's pervasive use of ("and indeed") to translate the ("and also").1 The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by 'the Three' (i.e., Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion ) as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint. The individual revisions characteristic of kaige were first observed by Dominique Barthélemy in the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever . Brotzman (retired professor of Old Testament at Tyndale Theological Seminary ) and Eric J. Tully (assistant professor of Old Testament and Semitic languages at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School ) claim that a characteristic of the kaige translation is that it wrote YHWH in paleo-Hebrew script instead of translating it into Greek. When referring to kaige recension in 8HevXII gr, Kristin De Troyer makes the following affirmation: "The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form and what the recension. Hence, is the paleo-Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary – a part of the recension – or proof of the Old Greek text? This debate has not yet been solved." Dines, Jennifer Mary (2004).2 The Septuagint: Understanding the Bible and Its World . Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible . Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction (2 ed.). A Digital Tour of Some of the Main Witnesses" . European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis . 2 .3
This is Wikipedia's own text, saved in our repository. Their copy of it is revision 944939801.
The opening as it stood in 2015
Lower part of col. 18 (according to E. Tov) of the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXII gr). The arrow points at the divine name in paleo-Hebrew script The kaige revision , or simply kaige , is shorthand for the ensemble of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic Hebrew . The name kaige derives from the revision's pervasive use of Greek kai ge ("and indeed") to translate the Hebrew " we gam " ("and also"). The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by 'the Three' (i.e., Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion ) as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint. The individual revisions characteristic of kaige were first observed by Dominique Barthélemy in the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever . The Septuagint: Understanding the Bible and Its World . Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 664867256.
The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023 8 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
Group of revisions to the Septuagint Lower part of col. 18 (according to E. The arrow points at the divine name in paleo-Hebrew script The kaige revision , or simply kaige , is the group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic Hebrew . The name kaige derives from the revision's pervasive use of ("and indeed") to translate the ("and also"). The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by 'the Three' (i.e., Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion ) as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint. The individual revisions characteristic of kaige were first observed by Dominique Barthélemy in the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever . According to Arie Van Der Kooij "his thesis about the K[aige] T[ranslation] has been widely accepted, but his dating of Theodotion before Aquila has not." Dines, Jennifer Mary (2004). The Septuagint: Understanding the Bible and Its World . Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1167752167.
The opening as it stood in 2025
Group of revisions to the Septuagint Lower part of col. 18 (according to E. The arrow points at the divine name in paleo-Hebrew script The kaige revision , or simply kaige , is the group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-Masoretic Hebrew . The name kaige derives from the revision's pervasive use of Koine Greek : και γε [kai ge] ("and indeed") to translate the Hebrew : וְגַם [wə gam] ("and also"). The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by 'the Three' (i.e., Aquila , Symmachus and Theodotion ) as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint. The individual revisions characteristic of kaige were first observed by Dominique Barthélemy in the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever . According to Arie Van Der Kooij "his thesis about the K[aige] T[ranslation] has been widely accepted, but his dating of Theodotion before Aquila has not." Dines, Jennifer Mary (2004). The Septuagint: Understanding the Bible and Its World . Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1278823169. This is our newest snapshot; the live article may have moved again since.
Today
Wikipedia's first sentence called it “shorthand for the ensemble of revisions to the septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation w”. Today it says “group of revisions to the septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-masoret”. Read the current article and compare.
2015
2020
Oct '23
2025
Counts in the opening at each snapshot. Green: the word gained ground. Red: it was cut. Grey: no change.
What Wikipedia says this is
Every article opens by defining its subject. This one was redefined since 2015, and today's defining sentence is their current revision.
Then
shorthand for the ensemble of revisions to the septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation w
Now
group of revisions to the septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-masoret
Struck red text is no longer in the article; dotted amber text was rewritten. Every revision id links to Wikipedia's copy; the text shown is our own saved copy. Data: /data. Wikipedia text is CC BY-SA; quoted for the record; not affiliated with Wikipedia.
