Khamr

Khamr ( ) is an Arabic word for wine; (the plural form, Khumūr ( ), is defined as alcoholic beverages, liquor). In Islamic jurisprudence, it refers to certain forbidden substances, and its technical definition depends on the legal school . Jurists from the Maliki , Shafi'i , and Hanbali legal schools have traditionally viewed it as general term for any intoxicating beverage made from grapes, dates, and similar substances. Hanafi jurists restricted the term to a narrower range of beverages. Over time, some jurists classified other intoxicants, such as opium and qat , as khamr , based on a hadith stating: The Holy Prophet said: every intoxicant is khamr, and every khamr is forbidden. Traditions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad indicated that khamr may be made from two plants, the grape-vine and the date palm . There are some Muslim jurists (particularly of the Hanafi school) who take the concept of khamr literally and forbid only grape-based (or date-based) alcoholic beverages, allowing those made with other fruits, grains, or honey. This is, however, a minority opinion. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4th ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam . The Word of Islam . University of Texas Press. pp. Library of Alexandria. pp.

Arabic word for intoxicant, wine For other uses, see Khamr (disambiguation) . Timurid painting of courtly men enjoying khamr Khamr ( ) is an Arabic word for wine; intoxication; the plural form, Khumūr ( ), is defined as alcoholic beverages, wine; liquor. In fiqh , it refers to certain forbidden substances, and its technical definition depends on the madhhab or legal school. Most jurists, including those from the Maliki , Shafiʽi , Hanbali , Ahl-i Hadith legal schools have traditionally viewed it as general term for any intoxicating beverage made from grapes, dates, and similar substances. Hanafi jurists restricted the term to a narrower range of beverages. Over time, some jurists classified other intoxicants, such as opium and khat , as khamr , based on a hadith stating, "The Holy Prophet said: 'every intoxicant is khamr, and every intoxicant is forbidden.'" Traditions of Muhammad indicated that khamr may be made from two plants, the grapevine and the date palm . There are some faqīhs , particularly of the Hanafi school, who take the concept of khamr literally and forbid only grape-based (or date-based) alcoholic beverages, allowing those made with other fruits, grains, or honey. This is, however, a minority opinion. Islamic countries have low rates of alcohol consumption, and it is completely banned in several of them while strictly controlled in others (such as consumption being allowed only in private places or by non-Muslims). However, a minority of Muslims do drink and believe consuming alcohol is not Qur'anically forbidden. Muslim-majority countries produce a variety of regional distilled beverages such as arrack and rakı . There is a long tradition of viticulture in the Middle East, particularly in Egypt (where it is legal) and in Iran (where it is banned). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (4th ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Food and Dress in Islam: An explanation of matters relating to food and drink and dress in Islam . The Word of Islam . University of Texas Press. pp. Library of Alexandria. pp. Islam: A Very Short Introduction . "Nothing in the Quran Says Alcohol "is Haram": Saudi Author" .