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Case file

Moses Pinheiro

Wikipedia's first sentence called it “one of the most influential pupils and followers of shabbethai ẓebi”. Today it says “italian jew who lived in livorno in the seventeenth century”.
Measured, not asserted. Every count, date and revision on this page was taken from Wikipedia's own history and checked against the live article. The words quoted are theirs.
Machine-checked against the full current article on 2026-08-03.
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The opening as it read in 2025

Moses Pinheiro (d. 1689) was an Italian Jew who lived in Livorno in the seventeenth century. He was one of the most influential pupils and followers of Sabbatai Zevi . He was held in high esteem on account of his religious and kabbalistic knowledge; and, as the maternal grandfather of Joseph Ergas , the well-known anti- Sabbatean , he had great influence over the Jews of Leghorn, urging them to believe in Sabbatai. Even later, in 1667, when Shabbethai's apostasy was rumored, Pinheiro, in common with numerous other adherents of Zevi, still believed him to be the messiah. Pinheiro was "the center of the Shabbatean group in Livorno", and he maintained a correspondence with Shabbetai Zevi over the years, after his return from Constantinople to Livorno in 1667. He spent some time with Sabbatai in Constantinople in 1666-67. Nathan stayed at Pinheiro's house on his visit to Italy in 1668. Pinheiro was the teacher of Abraham Miguel Cardoso , whom he initiated into the Kabbalah and into the mysteries of Sabbateanism. Motivations for Radical Anti-Sabbatianism: The Case of Ḥakham Ẓevi Ashkenazi. מחקרי ירושלים במחשבת ישראל, 31-49.

This is Wikipedia's own text, saved in our repository. Their copy of it is revision 1221567972.
Today
Wikipedia's first sentence called it “one of the most influential pupils and followers of shabbethai ẓebi”. Today it says “italian jew who lived in livorno in the seventeenth century”. Read the current article and compare.
201020152020Oct '232025
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What Wikipedia says this is

Every article opens by defining its subject. This one was redefined since 2010, and today's defining sentence is their current revision.

Then

one of the most influential pupils and followers of shabbethai ẓebi

Now

italian jew who lived in livorno in the seventeenth century

Struck red text is no longer in the article; dotted amber text was rewritten. Every revision id links to Wikipedia's copy; the text shown is our own saved copy. Data: /data. Wikipedia text is CC BY-SA; quoted for the record; not affiliated with Wikipedia.

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