Muhammad

Life Mecca Hijrah First Islamic state After Conquest of Mecca Farewell Pilgrimage ( Farewell Sermon ) Hadith Milestones and records Career Military Diplomatic Miracles Quran ( First revelation ) Isra and Mi'raj Splitting of the Moon Views and Perspectives Views Jews Christians Perspectives Islam Bible Judaism Medieval Christian Historicity Criticism Succession Saqifah Ghadir Khumm Companions of Muhammad Hadith of the pen and paper Ahl al-Bayt Praise Salawat Naat Mawlid Related Mohammedan Mahound Al-Masjid an-Nabawi Possessions Relics Seal History of Islam Islam portal Biography portal v t e Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh ( ; ; also spelled Muhammed or Mohammed ) (ca. 570/571 Mecca [مَكَةَ ]/[ مَكَهْ ] – June 8, 632), was the founder of the religion of Islam [ إِسْلامْ ] and is regarded by Muslims as a messenger and prophet of , the greatest law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets and by most Muslims the last prophet as taught by the Quran 33:40–40 . Muslims thus consider him the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith ( islām ) of Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses , Jesus and other prophets . He was also active as a diplomat , merchant , philosopher , orator , legislator , reformer , military general , and, according to Muslim belief, an agent of divine action. Born in 570 in the Arabian city of Mecca , he was orphaned at an early age and brought up under the care of his uncle Abu Talib . He later worked mostly as a merchant, as well as a shepherd, and was first married by age 25. Discontented with life in Mecca, he retreated to a cave in the surrounding mountains for meditation and reflection. According to Islamic beliefs it was here, at age 40, in the month of Ramadan , where he received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that " God is One ", that complete "surrender" to Him (lit. islām ) is the only way ( dīn ) acceptable to God, and that he himself was a prophet and messenger of God, in the same vein as other Islamic prophets . Muhammad gained few followers early on, and was met with hostility from some Meccan tribes ; he and his followers were treated harshly. To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his remaining followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , which is also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the conflicting tribes, and after eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, his followers, who by then had grown to 10,000, conquered Mecca . In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from his Farewell pilgrimage , Muhammad fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam ; and he united the tribes of Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity . The revelations (or Ayat , lit. "Signs of God ") — which Muhammad reported receiving until his death — form the verses of the Qur'an , regarded by Muslims as the “Word of God” and around which the religion is based. Besides the Qur'an, Muhammad’s life ( sira ) and traditions ( sunnah ) are also upheld by Muslims. They discuss Muhammad and other prophets of Islam with reverence, adding the phrase peace be upon him whenever their names are mentioned. While conceptions of Muhammad in medieval Christendom and premodern times were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far less so. His life and deeds have been debated and criticized by followers and opponents over the centuries. He is revered as a true prophet and Manifestation of God in the Baha'i Faith . See Muhittin Serin (1988) Unicode has a special "Muhammad" ligature at U+FDF4 ﷴ ‎ click here for the Arabic pronunciation . Variant transcriptions of Muhammad's name, besides those used above, include — (English and multiple European languages:) "Mahomet"; ( French :) "Mahomet, Mohamed, Mouhammed, Mahon, Mahomés, Mahun, Mahum, Mahumet, Mahound (medieval French), Mohand (for Berber speakers), Mouhammadou and Mamadou (in Sub-Saharan Africa)"; ( Latin :) "Machometus, Mahumetus, Mahometus, Macometus, Mahometes"; ( Spanish :) "Mahoma"; ( Italian :) "Maometto"; ( Portuguese :) "Maomé"; ( Greek :) "Μωάμεθ, Μουχάμμαντ, Μοχάμαντ, Μοχάμεντ, Μουχάμεντ, Μουχάμμαιντ"; ( Turkish :) "Mehmet"; ( Kurdish :) "Mihemed". See also Encyclopedia of Islam : ( German :) "Machmet" (pre-20th century). The sources frequently say that, in his youth, he was called by the nickname "Al-Amin" meaning "Honest, Truthful" cf.

Believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a prophet and messenger of God , Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God to mankind. While non-Muslims generally regard Muhammad as the founder of Islam, Muslims consider him to have restored the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets in Islam . Born approximately in 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at an early age; he was raised under the care of his paternal uncle Abu Talib . After his childhood Muhammad primarily worked as a merchant. Occasionally he would retreat to a cave in the mountains for several nights of seclusion and prayer; later, at age 40, he reported at this spot, that he was visited by Gabriel and received his first revelation from God. Three years after this event Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that " God is One ", that complete "surrender" (lit. islām ) to Him is the only way ( dīn ) acceptable to God, and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to other Islamic prophets . Muhammad gained few followers early on, and met hostility from some Meccan tribes . To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia before he and his followers in Mecca migrated to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in the year 622. This event, the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . After eight years of fighting with the Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The attack went largely uncontested and Muhammad took over the city with little bloodshed. He destroyed the three-hundred and sixty pagan idols at the Kaaba , in the city. In 632, a few months after returning to Medina from the Farewell Pilgrimage , Muhammad fell ill and died. Before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam , and he had united Arabia into a single Muslim religious polity . The revelations (each known as Ayah , lit. "Sign [of God]"), which Muhammad reported receiving until his death, form the verses of the Quran , regarded by Muslims as the "Word of God" and around which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( sunnah ), found in the Hadith and sira literature, are also upheld by Muslims and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia ). While conceptions of Muhammad in medieval Christendom were largely negative, appraisals in modern history have been far more favorable. Other appraisals of Muhammad throughout history, such as those found in medieval China , have also been positive. Many earlier (mainly non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine . The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians . Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) . "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1" . Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars: with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The Islamic Review & Arab Affairs : 6– 12. Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia . The dao of Muhammad: a cultural history of Muslims in late imperial China . Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds . There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).

Founder of Islam Children See Children of Muhammad Parent(s) Abdallah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (father) Aminah bint Wahb (mother) Relatives Family tree of Muhammad , Ahl al-Bayt ("Family of the House") Arabic name Personal ( Ism ) Muhammad Patronymic ( Nasab ) Muḥammad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf ibn Qusai ibn Kilab Teknonymic ( Kunya ) Abu al-Qasim Epithet ( Laqab ) Khātam an-Nâbîyīn (Seal of the prophets) Signature Seal of Muhammad Muhammad ( , ; c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam . According to Islamic doctrine , he was a prophet , sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam , though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity , with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Born approximately 570 CE ( Year of the Elephant ) in the Arabian city of Mecca , Muhammad was orphaned at the age of six. He was raised under the care of his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib , and upon his death, by his uncle Abu Talib . In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that " God is One ", that complete "submission" ( islām ) to God is the right way of life ( dīn ), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam . The followers of Muhammad were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists. He sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615 to shield them from prosecution, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) in 622. This event, the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam . The revelations (each known as Ayah — literally, "Sign [of God]") that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( sunnah ), found in the Hadith and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia ). There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ). Many earlier (primarily non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the invasion of Palestine . The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam, page 248, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger ( rasūl Allāh ), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind. Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians . Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) . "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars: with rules and tables and explanatory notes on the Julian and Gregorian calendars . The Islamic Review & Arab Affairs : 6– 12. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . A second important aspect of the meaning of the term emerges in Meccan revelations concerning the practice of the Prophet Abraham. Here it stands for the straight path (al-dīn al-ḥanīf) toward which Abraham and other messengers called the people [...] The Qurʿān asserts that this was the path or practice followed by Abraham [...] In the final analysis, dīn encompasses social and spiritual, as well the legal and political behaviour of the believers as a comprehensive way of life, a connotation wider than the word "religion." F.E.

Founding prophet of Islam (c. 570–632) This article is about the Islamic prophet. According to Islamic doctrine , he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born in approximately 570 CE in Mecca . He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb . His father, Abdullah, the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim , died a few months before Muhammad's birth. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib . In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, circa 610 CE, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that " God is One ", that complete "submission" ( islām ) to God is the right way of life ( dīn ), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam . Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijra , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri Calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam . The revelations (each known as Ayah — literally, "Sign [of God]") that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim "Word of God" on which the religion is based. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( sunnah ), found in the Hadith and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

Founder of Islam (c. 570 – 632) For other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation) . According to Islam , he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , and other prophets . He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets in Islam, and along with the Quran , his teachings and normative examples form the basis for Islamic religious belief. Muhammad was born in Mecca to the aristocratic Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh . He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb . His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim , died around the time Muhammad was born. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib . In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, in c. 610 , Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that "God is One", that complete "submission" ( Islām ) to God ( Allāh ) is the right way of life ( dīn ), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to other prophets in Islam . Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced persecution by Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. This event, the Hijrah , marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar , also known as the Hijri calendar. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina . In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca . The conquest went largely uncontested, and Muhammad seized the city with minimal casualties. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage , he fell ill and died. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam . The revelations ( waḥy ) that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses ( āyah ) of the Quran, upon which Islam is based, are regarded by Muslims as the verbatim word of God and his final revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found in transmitted reports, known as hadith , and in his biography ( sīrah ), are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law . Apart from Islam, Muhammad has received praise in Sikhism as an inspirational figure, in the Druze faith as one of the seven main prophets , and in the Baháʼí Faith as a Manifestation of God .