Palestinian Preventive Security

The Preventive Security Force (PPS) (Arabic: الأمن الوقائي) or Preventive Security Services is one of the official security apparatus of the State of Palestine .¹ It was established in 1994 by president Yasser Arafat in accordance with the Oslo Accords . The PPS is in charge of defending internal national security. It provides intelligence to the political level, and its main duties include counter-terrorism, counter-espionage, and defending the national economy. The service was initially formed by the demobilization and reintegration of fighters and members of Fatah , who either were based abroad and returned after the Oslo Accords or operated inside the Palestinian Territories under Fatah's banner. One explanation for this composition is the nature of the force's primary task of safeguarding internal security. This task required prior knowledge of the environment in the territories, which Fatah's activists possessed thanks to operating in the territories before and during the First Intifada . This was in contrast to, for example, the National Security Services, whose had military, such as the control of the borders and the provision of support to other law-enforcement agencies when needed. Being at the forefront in the confrontation with radical Islamic groups, the organization has been the subject of allegations by Muslim Brotherhood -affiliated media that it resorted to abusive interrogation methods. Although some individual violations have occurred, human rights organizations and other international observers report that PPS has made great reforms thereof . The PPS was also accused by Israel of playing a covert role in the Second Intifada that erupted in September 2000 after Ariel Sharon 's visit to the Temple Mount . In 2001, it shelled the house of General Jibril Rajoub , then colonel, who at the time was the PPS director. A number of PPS officers were also assassinated, injured and arrested. Confrontation continued to escalate, and reached its threshold in April 2002, when Sharon ordered the Operation Defensive Shield , the largest Israeli military campaign in the West Bank since its occupation in 1967. All Palestinian cities were recaptured, placing its entire population under a curfew that lasted for three months, and a closure regime that continues to this day. Arafat was placed under a military siege in his headquarters in Ramallah until his death in November 2004. The Church of the Nativity was also besieged . The main target of the Defensive Shield operation was to completely destroy the PA. PPS, which was relatively intact, was considered the PA's strongest line of defense. Hence, destroying the PPS was one of the main goals of the operation. The headquarters of PPS in Beitunia was placed under a military siege, with intensive shelling by tanks and Apaches, reducing the headquarters to rubble, and injuring dozens of officers. Mohammed Dahlan led the Gaza branch from 1994 until his resignation in 2002. Jibril Rajoub headed the West Bank force until 2002, when he became national security adviser to the president. In 2006, the Gaza Strip and West Bank branches of the PPS were united under a single command, led by General Ziad Habalreeh. On 14 June 2007, Hamas gunmen took over the central building of the PPS in the Gaza Strip, which was considered the Palestinian National Authority 's main symbol in the strip. Eighteen bodies of Fatah men were later found in the PPS compound. Later in the evening, one more senior official of the PPS was kidnapped and executed. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6751079.stm²