Partition of the Ottoman Empire

The Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that occurred after World War I . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations. The partitioning was planned from the early days of the war, though the Ottoman Empire's opponents, called the Allies , disagreed over their contradictory post-war aims and made several dual and triple agreements. After the occupation of Istanbul by British and French troops in November, 1918, the Ottoman government collapsed completely and signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. However, the Turkish War of Independence forced the former Allies to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Allies and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the new Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and solidifying most of the territorial issues. One unresolved issue was later negotiated under the League of Nations (see Mosul (1925)). The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine (which was later divided into two regions: Palestine and Transjordan ). Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920. by Paul C.

The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire ( 30 October 1918 – 1 November 1922 ) was a political event that occurred after World War I. The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states . The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia (later Iraq) and Palestine (later divided into Palestine and Transjordan ). The Ottoman Empire's possessions in the Arabian Peninsula became the Kingdom of Hejaz which was annexed by the Sultanate of Nejd (today Saudi Arabia ), the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , while the Empire's possessions on the western shores of the Persian Gulf were variously annexed by Saudi Arabia ( Alahsa and Qatif ), or remained British protectorates ( Kuwait , Bahrain , and Qatar ) and became the Arab States of the Persian Gulf . After the occupation of Constantinople by British and French troops in November 1918, the Ottoman government collapsed completely and signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920. However, the Turkish War of Independence forced the former Allies to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Allies and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the new Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and solidifying most of the territorial issues. One unresolved issue, the dispute between the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Turkey over the former province of Mosul was later negotiated under the League of Nations in 1926. The British and French partitioned the eastern part of the Middle East (also called " Greater Syria ") between them with the Sykes–Picot Agreement . Other secret agreements were concluded with Italy and Russia (see map). The Balfour Declaration encouraged the international Zionist movement to push for a Jewish homeland in Palestine . The Tsarist regime had also had wartime agreements with the Triple Entente on the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire but after the Russian Revolutions , Russia did not participate in the actual partitioning. The Treaty of Sèvres formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the region, the independence of Yemen , and British sovereignty over Cyprus . The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical , cultural and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire led to the rise in the " Middle East " of Western powers, such as Britain and France. Resistance to the influence of these powers came from the Turkish national movement and became more widespread in the post-Ottoman states after World War II. Davison ; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C.

Division of Ottoman territory after World War I British Foreign Office memorandum, 1927 version of the Treaty of Sèvres , Sykes–Picot agreement, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan The partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 1918 – 1 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Istanbul by British , French , and Italian troops in November 1918. The partitioning was planned in several agreements made by the Allied Powers early in the course of World War I , notably the Sykes–Picot Agreement , after the Ottoman Empire had joined Germany to form the Ottoman–German Alliance . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states . The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical , cultural and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the war led to the domination of the Middle East by Western powers such as Britain and France, and saw the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . Resistance to the influence of these powers came from the Turkish National Movement but did not become widespread in the other post-Ottoman states until the period of rapid decolonization after World War II . The sometimes-violent creation of protectorates in Iraq and Palestine , and the proposed division of Syria along communal lines, is thought to have been a part of the larger strategy of ensuring tension in the Middle East, thus necessitating the role of Western colonial powers (at that time Britain, France and Italy) as peace brokers and arms suppliers. The League of Nations mandate granted the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , the British Mandate for Mesopotamia (later Iraq ) and the British Mandate for Palestine , later divided into Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946). The Ottoman Empire's possessions in the Arabian Peninsula became the Kingdom of Hejaz , which the Sultanate of Nejd (today Saudi Arabia ) was allowed to annex, and the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen . The Empire's possessions on the western shores of the Persian Gulf were variously annexed by Saudi Arabia ( al-Ahsa and Qatif ), or remained British protectorates ( Kuwait , Bahrain , and Qatar ) and became the Arab States of the Persian Gulf . After the Ottoman government collapsed completely, its representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which would have partitioned much of the territory of present-day Turkey among France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy. The Turkish War of Independence forced the Western European powers to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Western Europeans and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the new Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and agreeing on most of the territorial issues. One unresolved issue , the dispute between the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Turkey over the former province of Mosul , was later negotiated under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1926. The British and French partitioned Greater Syria between them in the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Other secret agreements were concluded with Italy and Russia. The Balfour Declaration encouraged the international Zionist movement to push for a Jewish homeland in Palestine . While a part of the Triple Entente , Russia also had wartime agreements preventing it from participating in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the Russian Revolution . The Treaty of Sèvres formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the region, the independence of Yemen , and British sovereignty over Cyprus . Davison ; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C.

Division of Ottoman territory after World War I British Foreign Office memorandum, 1927 version of the Treaty of Sèvres , Sykes–Picot agreement, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan The partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 1918 – 1 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British , French , and Italian troops in November 1918. The partitioning was planned in several agreements made by the Allied Powers early in the course of World War I , notably the Sykes–Picot Agreement , after the Ottoman Empire had joined Germany to form the Ottoman–German alliance . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new states . The Ottoman Empire had been the leading Islamic state in geopolitical , cultural , and ideological terms. The partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the war led to the domination of the Middle East by Western powers such as Britain and France, and saw the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey. Resistance to the influence of these powers came from the Turkish National Movement but did not become widespread in the other post-Ottoman states until the period of rapid decolonization after World War II . The League of Nations mandate granted the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , the British Mandate for Mesopotamia (later Iraq) and the British Mandate for Palestine , later divided into Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan (1921–1946). The Ottoman Empire's possessions in the Arabian Peninsula became the Kingdom of Hejaz , which the Sultanate of Nejd (today Saudi Arabia) was allowed to annex, and the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen . The Empire's possessions on the western shores of the Persian Gulf were variously annexed by Saudi Arabia ( al-Ahsa and Qatif ), or remained British protectorates (Kuwait, Bahrain , and Qatar) and became the Arab States of the Persian Gulf . After the Ottoman government collapsed completely, its representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres in 1920, which would have partitioned much of the territory of present-day Turkey among France, the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy. The Turkish War of Independence forced the Western European powers to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Western Europeans and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the new Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and agreeing on most of the territorial issues. One unresolved issue , the dispute between the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Turkey over the former province of Mosul , was later negotiated under the auspices of the League of Nations in 1926. The British and French partitioned the region of Syria between them in the Sykes-Picot Agreement. Other secret agreements were concluded with Italy and Russia. The international Zionist movement, after their successful lobbying for the Balfour Declaration , encouraged the push for a Jewish homeland in Palestine . While a part of the Triple Entente , Russia also had wartime agreements preventing it from participating in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire after the Russian Revolution . The Treaty of Sèvres formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the region, the independence of Yemen, and British sovereignty over Cyprus . Davison ; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C.