Pogrom

The Hep-Hep riots in Frankfurt, 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with pitchfork and broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails, and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher," holds another Jewish man by the throat and is about to club him with a truncheon. The houses are being looted. A contemporary engraving by Johann Michael Voltz. A pogrom is a form of violent riot , a mob attack, either approved or condoned by government or military authorities, directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by killings and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers, property. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews in the Russian Empire . The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743–1933 .

Plundering the Judengasse , a Jewish ghetto in Frankfurt am Main , on 22 August 1614. The Hep-Hep riots in Frankfurt, 1819. On the left, two peasant women are assaulting a Jewish man with pitchfork and broom. On the right, a man wearing spectacles, tails, and a six-button waistcoat, "perhaps a pharmacist or a schoolteacher," holds another Jewish man by the throat and is about to club him with a truncheon. The houses are being looted. A contemporary engraving by Johann Michael Voltz . An early reference to a "pogrom" in The Times , December 1903. Together with the New York Times and the Hearst press , they took the lead in highlighting the pogrom in Kishinev (now Chişinău, Moldova ) and other cities in Russia. In May of the same year, The Times' Russian Correspondent Dudley Disraeli Braham had been expelled from Russia. A pogrom is a violent riot aimed at massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews . The term originally entered the English language to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement in present-day Ukraine and Belarus ). Similar attacks against Jews at other times and places also became retrospectively known as pogroms. The word is now also sometimes used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish ethnic or religious groups.

The deliberate persecution of an ethnic or religious group either approved or conducted by the local authorities A pogrom is a violent riot aimed at the massacre or persecution of an ethnic or religious group, particularly one aimed at Jews . The Slavic-languages term originally entered the English language in order to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement ). Similar attacks against Jews at other times and places also became retrospectively known as pogroms. The word is now also sometimes used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish ethnic or religious groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incidents, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres . Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms , Warsaw pogrom (1881) , Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev Pogrom (1905) , and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms took place amid the power struggles in Eastern Europe , including the Lwów pogrom (1918) and Kiev Pogroms (1919) . The most significant pogrom in Nazi Germany was the Kristallnacht of 1938 in which at least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps , a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Notorious pogroms of World War II included the 1941 Farhud in Iraq, the July 1941 Iaşi pogrom in Romania – in which over 13,200 Jews were killed – as well as the Jedwabne pogrom in German-occupied Poland . Post-World War II pogroms included the 1945 Tripoli pogrom , the 1946 Kielce pogrom and the 1947 Aleppo pogrom . The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times.

Violent attack on an ethnic or religious group, usually Jews For the racehorse, see Pogrom (horse) . A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews . The term entered the English language from Russian to describe 19th- and 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement ). Similar attacks against Jews which also occurred at other times and places became known retrospectively as pogroms. Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres . Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms , Warsaw pogrom (1881) , Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905) , and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in Eastern Europe , including the Lwów pogrom (1918) and Kiev pogroms (1919) . The most significant pogrom which occurred in Nazi Germany was the 1938 Kristallnacht . At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps , a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Notorious pogroms of World War II included the 1941 Farhud in Iraq, the July 1941 Iași pogrom in Romania – in which over 13,200 Jews were killed – as well as the Jedwabne pogrom in German-occupied Poland . Post-World War II pogroms included the 1945 Tripoli pogrom , the 1946 Kielce pogrom , and the 1947 Aleppo pogrom . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times.

Violent attack on an ethnic or religious group, usually Jews For the racehorse, see Pogrom (horse) . A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews . The term entered the English language from Russian to describe late 19th- and early 20th-century attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement ). Retrospectively, similar attacks against Jews which occurred in other times and places were renamed pogroms. Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres . Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms , Warsaw pogrom (1881) , Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905) , and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in Eastern Europe , including the Lwów pogrom (1918) and Kiev pogroms (1919) . The most significant pogrom which occurred in Nazi Germany was the 1938 Kristallnacht . At least 91 Jews were killed, a further thirty thousand arrested and subsequently incarcerated in concentration camps , a thousand synagogues burned, and over seven thousand Jewish businesses destroyed or damaged. Notorious pogroms of World War II included the 1941 Farhud in Iraq, the July 1941 Iași pogrom in Romania – in which over 13,200 Jews were killed – as well as the Jedwabne pogrom in German-occupied Poland . Post-World War II pogroms included the 1945 Tripoli pogrom , the 1946 Kielce pogrom , the 1947 Aleppo pogrom , and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom . This type of violence has also occurred to other ethnic and religious minorities. Examples include the 1984 Sikh massacre in which 3,000 Sikhs were killed and the 2002 Gujarat pogrom against Indian Muslims. In 2008, two attacks in the Occupied West Bank by Israeli Jewish settlers on Palestinian Arabs were labeled as pogroms by then-Prime Minister Ehud Olmert . The October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel was described as a pogrom by then- UK Foreign Secretary David Cameron and in a 2023 editorial by the Wall Street Journal Editorial Board. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . The common usage of the term pogrom to describe any attack against Jews throughout history disguises the great variation in the scale, nature, motivation and intent of such violence at different times. The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing "The Soul-Wounds of Massacre, or Why We Should Not Forget the 2002 Gujarat Pogrom" . The Wire . 27 February 2022 . This article is extracted and adapted from the author's book Between Memory and Forgetting: Massacre and the Modi Years in Gujarat, Yoda Press, 2019.