Sephardic Jews

Ethnic group Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew : סְפָרַדִּי , Modern : Sefaraddi , Tiberian : Səp̄āraddî , plural: Hebrew : סְפָרַדִּים , Modern : Sefaraddim , Tiberian : Səp̄āraddîm ; Spanish Sefardíes ; Portuguese Sefarditas , Greek Σεφάρδοι Sefardoi , Bulgarian сефаради sefaradi , Turkish Sefarad , Judaeo-Spanish Sefardies , Arabic : سفارديون ) are Jews who define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula before the expulsion of Jews from that area in the late 15th century ( 1490's ) (after Islam was replaced by Christianity as the governing religion), and usually defined in contrast to Ashkenazi and Mizrahi Jews .

Religion Judaism Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews , Mizrahi Jews , other Jewish ethnic divisions , Samaritans , other Levantines , other Near Eastern Semitic people , Spaniards , Portuguese and Hispanics / Latinos Sephardi Jews , also known as Sephardic Jews or simply Sephardim ( , Modern Hebrew: Sfaraddi , Tiberian: Səp̄āraddî , lit. "The Jews of Spain"), are a Jewish ethnic division whose ethnogenesis and emergence as a distinct community of Jews coalesced in the Iberian Peninsula around the start of the 2nd millennium (i.e., about the year 1000). They established communities throughout Spain and Portugal , where they traditionally resided, evolving what would become their distinctive characteristics and diasporic identity. Their millennial residence as an open and organised Jewish community in Iberia was brought to an end starting with the Alhambra Decree by Spain's Catholic Monarchs in the late 15th century, which resulted in a combination of internal and external migrations, mass conversions and executions. Historically, the vernacular languages of Sephardim and their descendants have been: Judaeo-Spanish , sometimes called "Ladino Oriental" (Eastern Ladino), a Romance language derived from Old Spanish , incorporating elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew and Aramaic . Taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, this dialect was further influenced by Ottoman Turkish , Levantine Arabic , Greek , Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian vocabulary in the differing lands of their exile. Haketia , also called "Ladino Occidental" (Western Ladino), a Judaeo-Spanish variety also derived from Old Spanish, plus Hebrew and Aramaic. Taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492, this dialect was heavily influenced by Maghrebi Arabic . Early Modern Spanish and Early Modern Portuguese , including in a mixture of the two. Traditionally spoken or used liturgically by the ex-converso Western Sephardim . Taken with them during their later migration out of Iberia in the 16th to 18th centuries as conversos , after which they reverted to Judaism. Modern Spanish and Modern Portuguese varieties, traditionally spoken by the Sephardic Bnei Anusim of Iberia and Ibero-America , including some recent returnees to Judaism in the late 20th and early 21st centuries ( Neo-Western Sephardim ). In most cases these varieties have incorporated loanwords from the indigenous languages of the Americas introduced following the Spanish conquest . More broadly, the term Sephardim has today also come to refer to traditionally Eastern Jewish communities of West Asia and beyond who, although not having genealogical roots in the Jewish communities of Iberia, have adopted a Sephardic style of liturgy and Sephardic law and customs imparted to them by the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries. This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition.

Jewish ethnic group Ethnic group Sephardi Jews , also known as Sephardic Jews, Hispanic Jews or Sephardim ( , Modern Hebrew: Sefaraddim , Tiberian : Səp̄āraddîm ; also Ye'hude Sepharad , lit. "The Jews of Spain", (or sefarditas), ), originally from Sepharad , Spain , or Portugal , are a Jewish ethnic division . They established communities throughout areas of modern Spain and Portugal , where they traditionally resided, evolving what would become their distinctive characteristics and diasporic identity, which they took with them in their exile from Iberia beginning in the late 15th century to North Africa , Anatolia , the Levant , South-eastern and Southern Europe , as well as the Americas , and all other places of their exiled settlement, either alongside preexisting co-religionists, or alone as the first Jews in new frontiers. Their millennial residence as an open and organised Jewish community in Iberia began to decline with the Reconquista and was brought to an end starting with the Alhambra Decree by Spain's Catholic Monarchs in 1492, and then by the edict of expulsion of Jews and Muslims by Portuguese king Manuel I in 1496, which resulted in a combination of internal and external migrations, mass conversions and executions. In 2015 both Spain and Portugal passed laws which allowed Sephardim who could prove their origins in those countries to apply for citizenship. Statue of Sephardic philosopher , Maimonides , in Córdoba , Spain More broadly, the term Sephardim has today also come sometimes to refer to traditionally Eastern Jewish communities of West Asia and beyond who, although not having genealogical roots in the Jewish communities of Iberia, have adopted a Sephardic style of liturgy and Sephardic law and customs imparted to them by the Iberian Jewish exiles over the course of the last few centuries. This article deals with Sephardim within the narrower ethnic definition. Historically, the vernacular languages of Sephardim and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish or Portuguese , though other tongues had been adopted and adapted throughout their history. The historical forms of Spanish that differing Sephardic communities spoke communally was determined by the date of their departure from Iberia, and their condition of departure as Jews or New Christians . Judaeo-Spanish , sometimes called "Ladino Oriental" (Eastern Ladino ), is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish , incorporating elements from all the old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula, Hebrew and Aramaic , and was spoken by what became the Eastern Sephardim, who settled in the Eastern Mediterranean, taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492. This dialect was further influenced by Ottoman Turkish , Levantine Arabic , Greek , Bulgarian and Serbian vocabulary in the differing lands of their exile. Haketia (also known as "Tetouani" in Algeria), an Arabic-influenced Judaeo-Spanish variety also derived from Old Spanish, with numerous Hebrew and Aramaic terms was spoken by North African Sephardim, taken with them in the 15th century after the expulsion from Spain in 1492. The main feature of this dialect is the heavy influence of the Jebli Arabic dialect of northern Morocco. Early Modern Spanish and Early Modern Portuguese , including in a mixture of the two was traditionally spoken or used liturgically by the ex-converso Western Sephardim , taken with them during their later migration out of Iberia between the 16th and 18th centuries as conversos , after which they reverted to Judaism. Modern Spanish and Modern Portuguese varieties, traditionally spoken by the Sephardic Bnei Anusim of Iberia and Ibero-America , including some recent returnees to Judaism in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" . "Expulsão dos judeus de Portugal (Expulsion of Jews from Portugal)" (in Portuguese).

Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal Ethnic group Sephardic Jews ( , can refer to: See also [ edit ] Trans (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This is an unused template to list other templates associated with a similar title or shortcut. If an internal transclusion led you here, you may wish to change it to point directly to the intended page. should never be transcluded in the main namespace. ; ), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim , and seldomly as Iberian Peninsular Jews , are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula ( Spain and Portugal ). The term, which is derived from the Hebrew Sepharad ( lit. ' Spain ' ), can also refer to the Jews of the Middle East and North Africa , who were also heavily influenced by Sephardic law and customs . Many Iberian Jewish exiled families also later sought refuge in those Jewish communities, resulting in ethnic and cultural integration with those communities over the span of many centuries. The Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula prospered for centuries under the Muslim reign of Al-Andalus following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania , but their fortunes began to decline with the Christian Reconquista campaign to retake Spain. In 1492, the Alhambra Decree by the Catholic Monarchs of Spain called for the expulsion of Jews, and in 1496, King Manuel I of Portugal issued a similar edict for the expulsion of both Jews and Muslims . These actions resulted in a combination of internal and external migrations, mass conversions, and executions. By the late 15th century, Sephardic Jews had been largely expelled from Spain and scattered across North Africa , Western Asia , Southern and Southeastern Europe , either settling near existing Jewish communities or as the first in new frontiers, such as along the Silk Road . Historically, the vernacular languages of the Sephardic Jews and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish, Portuguese , or Catalan , though they have also adopted and adapted other languages. The historical forms of Spanish that differing Sephardic communities spoke communally were related to the date of their departure from Iberia and their status at that time as either New Christians or Jews. Judaeo-Spanish , also called Ladino , is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish that was spoken by the eastern Sephardic Jews who settled in the Eastern Mediterranean after their expulsion from Spain in 1492; Haketia (also known as " Tetuani Ladino " in Algeria), an Arabic -influenced variety of Judaeo-Spanish, was spoken by North African Sephardic Jews who settled in the region after the 1492 Spanish expulsion. In 2015, more than five centuries after the expulsion, both Spain and Portugal enacted laws allowing Sephardic Jews who could prove their ancestral origins in those countries to apply for citizenship. The Spanish law that offered citizenship to descendants of Sephardic Jews expired in 2019, although subsequent extensions were granted by the Spanish government —due to the COVID-19 pandemic — in order to file pending documents and sign delayed declarations before a notary public in Spain. In the case of Portugal, the nationality law was modified in 2022 with very stringent requirements for new Sephardic applicants, effectively ending the possibility of successful applications without evidence of a personal travel history to Portugal —which is tantamount to prior permanent residence— or ownership of inherited property or concerns on Portuguese soil. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" . A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" . "Expulsão dos judeus de Portugal (Expulsion of Jews from Portugal)" (in Portuguese). "Ministry of Justice of Spain, Resolución de 13 de mayo de 2020, de la Dirección General de Seguridad Jurídica y Fe Pública " . Alto Comissariado para as migrações (in Portuguese). de Vicente de Rojas, Alejandro (22 March 2022). "Section 3-d) in Article 24.°-A of Decreto-Lei n.º 26/2022, de 18 de março, que altera o Regulamento da Nacionalidade Portuguesa " .

Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal Ethnic group Sephardic Jews , also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim , and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews , are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the historic Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula ( Spain and Portugal ) and their descendants. The term "Sephardic" comes from Sepharad , the Hebrew word for Iberia. These communities flourished for centuries in Iberia until they were expelled in the late 15th century. Over time, "Sephardic" has also come to refer more broadly to Jews, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa , who adopted Sephardic religious customs and legal traditions , often due to the influence of exiles. In some cases, Ashkenazi Jews who settled in Sephardic communities and adopted their liturgy are also included under this term. Today, Sephardic Jews form a major component of world Jewry, with the largest population living in Israel . The earliest documented Jewish presence in the Iberian Peninsula dates to the Roman period, beginning in the first centuries CE. After facing persecution under the Pagan and later Christian Visigothic Kingdom , Jewish communities flourished for centuries under Muslim rule in Al-Andalus following the Umayyad conquest (711–720s), a period often seen as a golden age . Their status declined under the radical Almoravid and Almohad dynasties and during the Christian Reconquista . In 1391, anti-Jewish riots in Castile and Aragon led to massacres and mass forced conversions. In 1492, the Alhambra Decree by the Catholic Monarchs expelled Jews from Spain, and in 1496, King Manuel I of Portugal issued a similar edict. These events led to migrations, forced conversions, and executions. Sephardic Jews dispersed widely: many found refuge in the Ottoman Empire , settling in cities such as Istanbul , Salonica , and İzmir ; others relocated to North African centers like Fez , Algiers , and Tunis ; Italian ports including Venice and Livorno ; and parts of the Balkans , the Levant (notably Safed ), and the Netherlands (notably Amsterdam ). Smaller communities also emerged in France , England , and the Americas , where Sephardim often played key roles in commerce and diplomacy. Historically, the vernacular languages of the Sephardic Jews and their descendants have been variants of either Spanish, Portuguese , or Catalan , though they have also adopted and adapted other languages. The historical forms of Spanish that differing Sephardic communities spoke communally were related to the date of their departure from Iberia and their status at that time as either New Christians or Jews. Judaeo-Spanish and Judaeo-Portuguese , also called Ladino , is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish and Old Portuguese that was spoken by the eastern Sephardic Jews who settled in the Eastern Mediterranean after their expulsion from Spain in 1492; Haketia (also known as " Tetuani Ladino " in Algeria), an Arabic -influenced variety of Judaeo-Spanish, was spoken by North African Sephardic Jews who settled in the region after the 1492 Spanish expulsion. In 2015, more than five centuries after the expulsion, both Spain and Portugal enacted laws allowing Sephardic Jews who could prove their ancestral origins in those countries to apply for citizenship. The Spanish law that offered citizenship to descendants of Sephardic Jews expired in 2019, although subsequent extensions were granted by the Spanish government—due to the COVID-19 pandemic —in order to file pending documents and sign delayed declarations before a notary public in Spain. In the case of Portugal, the nationality law was modified in 2022 with very stringent requirements for new Sephardic applicants, effectively ending the possibility of successful applications without evidence of a personal travel history to Portugal—which is tantamount to prior permanent residence—or ownership of inherited property or concerns on Portuguese soil. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" . A Sephardi Jew explains some commonly confused terms" . "Expulsão dos judeus de Portugal (Expulsion of Jews from Portugal)" (in Portuguese). "Ministry of Justice of Spain, Resolución de 13 de mayo de 2020, de la Dirección General de Seguridad Jurídica y Fe Pública " . Alto Comissariado para as migrações (in Portuguese). de Vicente de Rojas, Alejandro (22 March 2022). "Section 3-d) in Article 24.°-A of Decreto-Lei n.º 26/2022, de 18 de março, que altera o Regulamento da Nacionalidade Portuguesa " .