Al-Ghazali

Abū Ḥāmed Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī (1058–19 December 1111 ) ( Persian / Arabic : ابو حامد محمد ابن محمد الغزالی ), often Algazel in English, was an Islamic theologian , jurist , philosopher , cosmologist , psychologist and mystic of Persian origin, and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sunni Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of methodic doubt and skepticism , and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers , he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy , shifting it away from an Islamic metaphysics influenced by ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy , and towards an Islamic philosophy based on cause-and-effect that was determined by God or intermediate angels , a theory now known as occasionalism . He was born and died in Tus , in the Khorasan province of Persia . Ghazali has sometimes been acclaimed by secular historians such as William Montgomery Watt to be the greatest Muslim after Muhammad (traditionally among Muslims, the greatest Muslims after the Prophet , according to authentic hadith , is the generation of his contemporaries ). Besides his work that successfully changed the course of Islamic philosophy—the early Islamic Neoplatonism developed on the grounds of Hellenistic philosophy, for example, was so successfully refuted by Ghazali that it never recovered—he also brought the orthodox Islam of his time in close contact with Sufism . The orthodox theologians still went their own way, and so did the mystics, but both developed a sense of mutual appreciation which ensured that no sweeping condemnation could be made by one for the practices of the other. The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali .

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī ( / ɡ æ ˈ z ɑː l i / ; ; c. 1058–1111), known as Al-Ghazali or Algazel to the Western medieval world, was a Muslim theologian , jurist , philosopher , and mystic of Persian descent. Al-Ghazali has been referred to by some historians as the single most influential Muslim after the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Within Islamic civilization he is considered to be a Mujaddid or renewer of the faith, who, according to tradition, appears once every century to restore the faith of the community. His works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that al-Ghazali was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam" ( Hujjat al-Islam ). Others have cited his opposition to certain strands of Islamic philosophy as a detriment to Islamic scientific progress. Besides his work that successfully changed the course of Islamic philosophy—the early Islamic Neoplatonism that developed on the grounds of Hellenistic philosophy , for example, was so successfully criticised by al-Ghazali that it never recovered—he also brought the orthodox Islam of his time in close contact with Sufism . It became increasingly possible for individuals to combine orthodox theology ( kalam ) and Sufism, while adherents of both camps developed a sense of mutual appreciation that made sweeping condemnation of one by the other increasingly problematic. Medieval Islamic civilization : an encyclopedia . The Faith and Practice of Al-Ghazali . (1962) al-Ghazali: Etude sur la réforme Ghazalienne dans l’histoire de son développement (Fribourg).

Persian Islamic theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic Al-Ghazali ( UK : / æ l ˈ ɡ ɑː z ɑː l i / , US : / ˌ æ l ɡ ə ˈ z ɑː l i , - z æ l -/ ; full name أَبُو حَامِدٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ ٱلطُّوسِيُّ ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ or ٱلْغَزَّالِيُّ , Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭūsiyy al-Ġaz(z)ālīy ; Latinized Algazelus or Algazel ; c. 1058 – 19 December 1111) was a Persian philosopher who was one of the most prominent and influential Muslim philosophers , theologians , jurists , and mystics , of Sunni Islam . Most Muslims consider him to be a Mujaddid , a renewer of the faith who, according to the prophetic hadith , appears once every century to restore the faith of the ummah ("the Islamic Community"). His works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that al-Ghazali was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam" ( Hujjat al-Islām ). Al-Ghazali believed that the Islamic spiritual tradition had become moribund and that the spiritual sciences taught by the first generation of Muslims had been forgotten. That resulted in his writing his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn (" The Revival of the Religious Sciences "). Among his other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") is a significant landmark in the history of philosophy , as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe. Medieval Islamic civilization : an encyclopedia . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . Muhammad al-Ghazali al-Tusi (the "Proof of Islam") is the most renowned Sunni theologian of the Seljuq period (1038–1194). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam) . The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). The Spirit of Creativity: Basic Mechanisms of Creative Achievements "Persian polymath Al-Ghazali published several treatises...." [1] « Al-Ghazali was born in A.D. 1058 (A.H. 450) in or near the city of Tus in Khurasan to a Persian family of modest means... » The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources "A native of Khorassan, of Persian origin, the Muslim theologian, sufi mystic, and philosopher Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali is one of the great figures of Islamic religious thought...." "Ghazali, al-" . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.).

Persian Muslim polymath (c.1058–1111 CE) Not to be confused with al-Ghazal . Al-Ghazali ( c. 1058 – 19 December 1111; ٱلْغَزَّالِيُّ ), full name Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad aṭ-Ṭūsiyy al-Ġazzālīy ( أَبُو حَامِدٍ مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ مُحَمَّدٍ ٱلطُّوسِيُّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيُّ ), and known in Persian -speaking countries as Imam Muhammad-i Ghazali ( ) or in Medieval Europe by the Latinized as Algazelus or Algazel , was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath . He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsult , legal theoretician , mufti , philosopher , theologian , logician and mystic in Islamic history . He is considered to be the 11th century's mujaddid , a renewer of the faith, who, according to the prophetic hadith , appears once every 100 years to restore the faith of the Islamic community . Al-Ghazali's works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that he was awarded the honorific title " Proof of Islam " ( Ḥujjat al-Islām ) . Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school of law . Much of Al-Ghazali's work stemmed around his spiritual crises following his appointment as the head of the Nizzamiyya University in Baghdad - which was the most prestigious academic position in the Muslim world at the time. This led to his eventual disappearance from the Muslim world for over 10 years, realising he chose the path of status and ego over God. It was during this period where many of his great works were written. He believed that the Islamic spiritual tradition had become moribund and that the spiritual sciences taught by the first generation of Muslims had been forgotten. This belief led him to write his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn (" The Revival of the Religious Sciences "). Among his other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") is a landmark in the history of philosophy , as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe. The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World . Medieval Islamic civilization: an encyclopedia . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . Muhammad al-Ghazali al-Tusi (the "Proof of Islam") is the most renowned Sunni theologian of the Seljuq period (1038–1194). Hadith: Muhammad's Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World (Foundations of Islam) . The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia . Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Avicenna and the Aristotelian Left . Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Ghazali (ca.1058-1111) was a Persian antirationalist philosopher and theologian. Historical Dictionary of Islam . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). Essays on Ijtihad in the 21st Century . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

Sunni Muslim polymath (c. 1058–1111) Not to be confused with al-Ghazal . Al-Ghazali ( c. 1058 – 19 December 1111), archaically Latinized as Algazelus , was a Shafi'i Sunni Muslim scholar and polymath . He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults , legal theoreticians , muftis , philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics in Islamic history. He is considered to be the 11th century's mujaddid , a renewer of the faith, who, according to the prophetic hadith , appears once every 100 years to restore the faith of the Islamic community . Al-Ghazali's works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that he was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam" ( Ḥujjat al-Islām ). Al-Ghazali was a prominent mujtahid in the Shafi'i school of law . Much of Al-Ghazali's work stemmed around his spiritual crises following his appointment as the head of the Nizamiyya University in Baghdad - which was the most prestigious academic position in the Muslim world at the time. This led to his eventual disappearance from the Muslim world for over 10 years, realising he chose the path of status and ego over God. It was during this period where many of his great works were written. He believed that the Islamic spiritual tradition had become moribund and that the spiritual sciences taught by the first generation of Muslims had been forgotten. This belief led him to write his magnum opus entitled Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn (" The Revival of the Religious Sciences "). Among his other works, the Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers") is a landmark in the history of philosophy , as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe. The pursuit of learning in the Islamic world : 610-2003 . Medieval Islamic civilization: an encyclopedia . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . Muhammad al-Ghazali al-Tusi (the "Proof of Islam") is the most renowned Sunni theologian of the Seljuq period (1038–1194). The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia . Philosophical Meditations . 4 (13). 22 November 2014. Islamic Jurisprudence in the Classical Era . Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Historical Dictionary of Islam . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.). The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World . Essays on Ijtihad in the 21st Century . The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).