Antisemitism

This article describes the development and history of traditional anti-Semitism. In his hands are "Zuckerbrot und Peitsche", or "cookies and knout", an allusion to a saying similar to that of " carrot and stick ". Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism ) is hostility towards or prejudice against Jews (not, in common usage, Semites in general — see the Scope section below). This happens on an individual level and goes on to the institutionalized prejudice and persecution once prevalent in European societies, of which the highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler 's National Socialism was the most extreme form. Some forms of anti-Semitism include: Racist anti-Semitism, a kind of xenophobia . Some people perceive Jews as people of a racially distinct origin from other peoples, and claim that discrimination on the basis of such distinctness is valid. Like other religions, Judaism has faced discrimination and violence from people of competing faiths and in countries that practice state atheism . Unlike anti-Semitism in general, this form of prejudice is directed at the religion itself, and so does not affect those of Jewish ancestry who have converted to another religion. Laws banning Jewish religious practices may be rooted in religious anti-Semitism. Socio-economic anti-Semitism rooted in the alleged disproportionate success or influence, relative to their numbers within the general population, that individual Jews have achieved in a variety of occupations, including finance, politics, the media, academia, the law, medicine, and science.

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism ) is prejudice against or hostility towards Jews , often rooted in hatred of their ethnic background , culture , and/or religion . In its extreme form, it "attributes to the Jews an exceptional position among all other civilizations, defames them as an inferior group and denies their being part of the nation[s]" in which they reside. A person who practices antisemitism is called an "antisemite." Antisemitism may be manifested in many ways, ranging from individual expressions of hatred and discrimination against individual Jews to organized violent attacks by mobs or even state police or military attacks on entire Jewish communities. Extreme instances of persecution include the First Crusade of 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the Spanish Inquisition , the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the expulsion from Portugal in 1497, various pogroms , the Dreyfus Affair , and perhaps the most infamous, the Holocaust under Adolf Hitler 's Nazi Germany . While the term's etymology might suggest that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic peoples , the term was coined in the late 19th century in Germany as a more scientific-sounding term for Judenhass ("Jew-hatred"), and that has been its normal use since then. "Antisemitism has never anywhere been concerned with anyone but Jews." Lewis, Bernard . "Semites and Antisemites" , Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East , The Library Press, 1973. See, for example: "Anti-Semitism", Encyclopaedia Britannica , 2006. A History of the Jews , HarperPerennial 1988, p 133 ff. The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on March 24, 2004.

A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite . Antisemitism is widely considered to be a form of racism . While the conjunction of the units anti , Semite , and ism indicates antisemitism as being directed against all Semitic people , the term was popularized in Germany in 1873 as a scientific-sounding term for Judenhass (Jew-hatred), although it had been used for at least two decades prior, and that has been its normal use since then. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is now also applied to historic anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition , the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine of 1648–1657, various pogroms in Imperial Russia between 1821 and 1906, the 1894–1906 Dreyfus affair in France, the Holocaust in German-occupied Europe, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and Arab and Muslim involvement in the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries . anti-Semitism – Definition and More from the Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Measures to combat contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance A/RES/53/133 page 4. 1 March 1999. Executive Council of Australian Jewry . Extract from Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East , The Library Press, 1973. broken link, page?, quote? The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on 24 March 2004. broken link "Report on Global Anti-Semitism" , U.S.

Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews Not to be confused with anti-Judaism . sidebar Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism ) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews . This sentiment is a form of racism , and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite . Though antisemitism is overwhelmingly perpetrated by non-Jews, it may occasionally be perpetrated by Jews in a phenomenon known as auto-antisemitism (i.e., self-hating Jews). Primarily, antisemitic tendencies may be motivated by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or by negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism . In the former case, usually presented as racial antisemitism , a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism , a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith — this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions . The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by anti-Judaism , though the concept itself is distinct from antisemitism. There are various ways in which antisemitism is manifested, ranging in the level of severity of Jewish persecution . On the more subtle end, it consists of expressions of hatred or discrimination against individual Jews, and may or may not be accompanied by violence. On the most extreme end, it consists of pogroms or genocide , which may or may not be state-sponsored. Although the term "antisemitism" did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of antisemitic persecution include the Rhineland massacres in 1096; the Edict of Expulsion in 1290; the European persecution of Jews during the Black Death , between 1348 and 1351; the massacre of Spanish Jews in 1391, the crackdown of the Spanish Inquisition , and the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492; the Cossack massacres in Ukraine , between 1648 and 1657; various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire , between 1821 and 1906; the Dreyfus affair , between 1894 and 1906; the Holocaust during World War II ; and various Soviet anti-Jewish policies . Historically, most of the world's violent antisemitic events have taken place in Christian Europe . However, since the early 20th century, there has been a sharp rise in antisemitic incidents across the Arab world , largely due to the surge in Arab antisemitic conspiracy theories , which have been cultivated to an extent under the aegis of European antisemitic conspiracy theories . In the contemporary era, a manifestation known as " new antisemitism " was identified. This concept addresses the exploitation of the Arab–Israeli conflict by a large number of concealed antisemites, who may attempt to gain traction or legitimacy for their antisemitic hoaxes by portraying themselves as criticizing the Israeli government's actions ; this is distinct from people who view Israeli government policies negatively, which is not inherently antisemitic. Likewise, as the State of Israel has a Jewish-majority population, it is common for antisemitic rhetoric to be manifested in expressions of anti-Israeli sentiment , though this is not always the case and such expressions may sometimes be part of wider anti–Middle Eastern sentiment without an exclusively antisemitic motive. Due to the root word Semite , the term is prone to being invoked as a misnomer by those who interpret it as referring to racist hatred directed at all " Semitic people " (i.e., those who speak Semitic languages , such as Arabs , Assyrians , and Arameans ). This usage is erroneous; the compound word antisemitismus ( lit. ' antisemitism ' ) was first used in print in Germany in 1879 as a " scientific-sounding term " for Judenhass ( lit. ' Jew-hatred ' ), and it has since been used to refer to anti-Jewish sentiment alone. See, for example: "Anti-Semitism". A History of the Jews . The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on 24 March 2004. These new 'antisemites,' as they called themselves, drew upon older stereotypes to maintain that the Jews behaved the way they did—and would not change—because of innate racial qualities inherited from the dawn of time. Drawing as well upon the pseudoscience of racial eugenics , they argued that the Jews spread their so-called pernicious influence to weaken nations in Central Europe not only by political, economic, and media methods, but also literally by 'polluting' so-called pure Aryan blood by intermarriage and sexual relations with non-Jews. They argued that Jewish 'racial intermixing,' by 'contaminating' and weakening the host nations, served as part of a conscious Jewish plan for world domination . Nicholas of Cusa and Islam . Facing History and Ourselves . 1 August 2017 . University of California Press . During World War II and the Holocaust: Old Themes, New Archival Findings". The paper is based on a lecture delivered at Brandeis University on 24 March 2004. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

A person who harbours it is called an antisemite . Whether antisemitism is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought. Antisemitic tendencies may be motivated primarily by negative sentiment towards Jews as a people or negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to Judaism . In the former case, usually known as racial antisemitism , a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society. In the latter case, known as religious antisemitism , a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith—this is a common theme within the other Abrahamic religions . The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by anti-Judaism , which is distinct from antisemitism itself. There are various ways in which antisemitism is manifested, ranging in the level of severity of Jewish persecution . On the more subtle end, it consists of expressions of hatred or discrimination against individual Jews and may or may not be accompanied by violence. On the most extreme end, it consists of pogroms or genocide , which may or may not be state-sponsored. Although the term "antisemitism" did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Historically, most of the world's violent antisemitic events have taken place in Europe, where modern antisemitism began to emerge from antisemitism in Christian communities during the Middle Ages. Since the early 20th century, there has been a sharp rise in antisemitic incidents across the Arab world , largely due to the advent of Arab antisemitic conspiracy theories , which were influenced by European antisemitic conspiracy theories . In recent times, the idea that there is a variation of antisemitism known as " new antisemitism " has emerged on several occasions. According to this view, since Israel is a Jewish state , expressions of anti-Zionist positions could harbour antisemitic sentiments, and criticism of Israel can serve as a vehicle for attacks against Jews in general. The compound word antisemitismus was first used in print in Germany in 1879 as a " scientific-sounding term " for Judenhass ( lit. ' Jew-hatred ' ), and it has since been used to refer to anti-Jewish sentiment alone. Due to the root word Semite , the term is sometimes subject to an etymological fallacy whereby it is incorrectly assumed to apply to racist hatred directed at " Semitic people ", in spite of this being an obsolete racial concept . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) "anti-Semitism" . See, for example: "Anti-Semitism". These new 'antisemites,' as they called themselves, drew upon older stereotypes to maintain that the Jews behaved the way they did—and would not change—because of innate racial qualities inherited from the dawn of time. Drawing as well upon the pseudoscience of racial eugenics , they argued that the Jews spread their so-called pernicious influence to weaken nations in Central Europe not only by political, economic, and media methods, but also literally by 'polluting' so-called pure Aryan blood by intermarriage and sexual relations with non-Jews. They argued that Jewish 'racial intermixing,' by 'contaminating' and weakening the host nations, served as part of a conscious Jewish plan for world domination . Nicholas of Cusa and Islam . University of California Press . During World War II and the Holocaust: Old Themes, New Archival Findings". The two are distinct" . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).