Colonization

Colonization applies to all life forms in a sense though it is most often used in reference to insects and humans . Insect colonization varies from species to species though it most often involves a queen setting out from its parent colony and establishing a colony of her own at a suitable location. Human colonization is not to be confused with colonialism or imperialism , colonization just means people immigrating en masse to one relatively uninhabited location and expanding their civilization into this area. A neutral history simply relates the actual spread of actual peoples, without reference to the fate of those already living there: In ancient times, maritime nations such as Greece often established colonies. These appear to be more benign, emphasizing uninhabited land, and farming it. In classical times, land suitable for farming was often claimed by "barbarian tribes" that lived by hunting and gathering. To ancient civilized people, the land simply appeared vacant. Another great colonization of ancient times was that of the Romans . The Roman Empire conquered a large part of western Europe , north Africa and west Asia . Though in North Africa and west Asia they were often conquering civilized peoples as they moved north into Europe they often encountered little more then rural tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the area. Many of the current great cities of Europe began as Roman colonies such as the German city Köln (better known in its French form Cologne ) which was originally called Colonia Claudia by the Romans and the British capital city of London which the Romans began as Londinium . The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large scale movement of people in eastern Europe and Asia. This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from asia moving into the richer pasture land to the west and so forcing the people there to move further west and so on until eventually the Franks and their ilk were forced to invade the Roman Empire beginning the Dark Ages . The dark ages saw the large scale movement of peoples establishing new colonies all over western Europe, the events of this time saw the development of many of the modern day nations of Europe such as the Huns colonizing Hungary , the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo-Saxons in England . Another great colonizing people were the Vikings of Scandinavia . The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homes in Denmark , southern Norway and southern Sweden to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe and it is as this they mostly began however as time went by the Vikings moved more onto trade rather then raiding and established colonies again many of which exist as cities today e.g. York , Novogrod and Dublin . It was also the Vikings who first discovered Iceland establishing colonies here before moving onto Greenland where they briefly held colonies before the world's climate took a turn for the worse forcing them out. There is even very strong evidence that the vikings launched a unsuccessful attempt at colonizing a area known as Vinland which is often placed on Newfoundland or the surrounding coastline of Canada . 1492 marked the discovery of the Americas by modern Europeans and it was not long after this that Castile began the conquest of South America and the Caribbean . However, western colonization has its roots in portuguese trips, these portuguese went from Lisbon to the Cape of Good Hope before reaching India in 1598. Originally there was very little colonization other then the soldiers and adventurers who had came to these areas seeking wealth (many of whom returned to Europe as rich men) however as time went by and the natives began to die out via the new disease pool of Europe and oppression by cruel landlords leaving a lot of vacant space open for colonization by Europeans. Despite this the Spanish mode of colonization still mostly consisted of young men who found native wives leading to the creation of a hybrid native/European culture. The 17th century saw other European nations beginning to colonize the Americas (mainly the Netherlands , France and England however many other nations attempted colonies) and these Europeans largely saw conventional movements of families into new lands. The need for labour in the Americas by the various European nations also led to the booming of the African slave trade leading to black colonization of the Americas- today this is especially apparent in the Caribbean where the largest ethnic group is of African descent. The age of Imperialism in the 19th century saw much colonization by the European powers in Australasia and Africa.

World empires and colonies 2007 Colonization , (or Colonisation in British English ), occurs whenever any one or more species populate an area. The term, which is derived from the Latin colere , "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect," originally related to humans. However, 19th century biogeographers dominated the term to describe the activities of birds, bacteria, or plant species. Human colonization is a narrower category than the related concept of colonialism , because whereas colonization refers of settler colonies, trading posts , and plantations , colonialism deals with this and the ruling of new territories' existing peoples. The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes .

World colonization progress from 1492 to 2007 Colonization (or colonisation ) occurs whenever there is a large-scale migration of any one or more groups of people to a colonial area. The migrants, who can also be called colonizers, keep "strong links" with their previous country, and thus obtain tremendous "privileges" over other people living in the area being colonized. Of course, the prior country of such settlers were often big Imperial powers. Even though large-scale migration is usually a component of colonization, it is not a requirement; a strong enough military force is sometimes sufficient. The term is derived from the Latin word colere , which means to "to inhabit". Also, colonization refers strictly to migration, for example, to settler colonies in America or Australia, trading posts , and plantations , while colonialism deals with this, along with ruling the existing indigenous peoples of styled "new territories". So, colonization is a narrower category than the related concept of colonialism . Colonization was linked to the spread of tens of millions of Europeans all over the world. In many settled colonies, European settlers formed a huge majority of the population. Examples include the Americas, Australia and New Zealand. These colonies were occasionally called 'neo-Europes'. In other places, European settlers formed minority groups, who were often dominant and privileged in their places of settlement. When European settlers started to settle land such as Australia , they regarded such landmasses as terra nullius . Terra nullius means 'empty land' in Latin. In other words, the settlers treated the land as uninhabited and a "clean slate" for colonization and colonial rule. However, these ideas were clearly not true, as such landmasses were often inhabited by indigenous populations. A similar process of appropriating land by colonizers can be observed in the late nineteenth century during the colonization of West Africa by Europe.The accepted practice among cartographers at the time was to display unexplored landscapes as "blank spaces". Instead of interpreting "blank spaces" as limited geographical knowledge imperialists saw them as vacant spaces awaiting colonists. Public perception of "blank spaces" was consistent with that of the colonizers; the illusion of "blank spaces" proved to be a successful trick. Laws encouraging the colonization of the Americas , such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law were implemented from the 1820s. Empire: A Very Short Introduction . The Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes . Geographical Review . 84 (American Geographical Society): 324. : Check |url= value ( help )

Establishment and development of settlements by people or animals Not to be confused with Colonisation (biology) , the process by which species spread to new areas. Colonization ( British English : colonisation ) is a process of establishing control over targeted territories or peoples for the purpose of taxation, control, cultivation, often by establishing colonies and possibly by settling them. Colonization is sometimes used synonymously with settling, as with colonisation in biology , but while colonization historically involved settling, this particular form is called settler colonialism . In this case, colonization is structured and enforced by the settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country maintains a connection or control through the settler's colonialism. In settler colonialization, a minority group rules either through the oppression and assimilation of the indigenous peoples , or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through driving away, disadvantaging, or outright killing the indigenous people, as well as through immigration and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers. The European colonization of Australia , New Zealand , and other places in Oceania was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as terra nullius ("empty land" in Latin). This resulted in laws and ideas such as Mexico 's General Colonization Law and the United States ' manifest destiny doctrine which furthered colonization. Despite countless declarations and referendums from the United Nations on the independence of colonial countries and peoples, implemented since 1946, there are still over 60 colonies – sometimes designated territories – in the world, including Puerto Rico , Guam , and Bermuda . If this definition of the term “colony” is used, the phenomenon dates from the Greek period . Likewise we speak of Athenian, then Roman 'imperialism'." "colonization noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes" . Empire: A Very Short Introduction . Empire: A Very Short Introduction . "Water is life, but the colony is a necropolis: Environmental terrains of struggle in Puerto Rico" . Decolonization models for America's last colony Puerto Rico : radio interviews with Francisco Catalá-Oliveras and Juan Lara .

Establishment and development of settlements by people or animals Not to be confused with Colonisation (biology) , the process by which species spread to new areas. Map of the year each country achieved independence . Colonization ( British English : colonisation ) is a process of establishing occupation of or control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of cultivation, exploitation, trade and possibly settlement , setting up coloniality and often colonies . Colonization is commonly pursued and maintained by, but distinct from, imperialism , mercantilism , or colonialism . The term "colonization" is sometimes used synonymously with the word "settling", as with colonisation in biology . Settler colonialism is a type of colonization structured and enforced by the settlers directly, while their or their ancestors' metropolitan country ( metropole ) maintains a connection or control through the settler's activities. In settler colonization, a minority group rules either through the assimilation or oppression of the existing inhabitants, or by establishing itself as the demographic majority through driving away , displacing or outright killing the existing people, as well as through immigration and births of metropolitan as well as other settlers. The European colonization of Australia , New Zealand , and other places in Oceania was fueled by explorers, and colonists often regarding the encountered landmasses as terra nullius ("empty land", or literally "nobody's land" in Latin). This resulted in laws and ideas such as Mexico 's 1824 General Colonization Law and the United States ' manifest destiny doctrine which furthered colonization. Colonization is associated with the occupation of a foreign land, with its being brought under cultivation, with the settlement of colonists. If this definition of the term "colony" is used, the phenomenon dates from the Greek period . Likewise we speak of Athenian, then Roman 'imperialism'." "colonization noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes" . Empire: A Very Short Introduction . When colonization takes place under the protection of clearly colonial political structures, it may most handily be called settler colonialism . This often involves the settlers entirely dispossessing earlier inhabitants, or instituting legal or other structures which systematically disadvantage them.