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The opening as it read in 2005
Arba'ah Turim (ארבעה טורים, Hebrew : "Four rows"), also abbreviated as Tur , is an important work of Jewish law , composed by Rabbi Yaakov ben Asher (" Ba'al ha-Turim ") of Spain ( 1270 -ca 1340 ). In the Tur, Ben Asher traces the practical Jewish law from the Torah text and the dicta of the Talmud through the Rishonim . The Arba'ah Turim (literally: "four rows", as on the High Priest's breastplate): Orach Chayim - laws of prayer and synagogue , Sabbath , holidays Yoreh De'ah - laws of shechita , kashrut Even HaEzer - laws of marriage , divorce Choshen Mishpat - laws of finance, financial responsibility, damages (personal and financial), interest Ben Asher used the code of Rabbi Isaac Alfasi as his starting point; these views are then compared to those of Maimonides , as well as to the French and German ( Ashkenazi ) traditions that were contained in the Tosafists literature. In contradistinction to Maimonides ' Mishneh Torah , Tur only deals with the areas of Jewish law that are applicable in the Jewish exile ; the work also differs in that it is not limited to normative positions, but compares the various opinions on any disputed point. In most instances, Rabbi Jacob follows the opinion of his father Rabbi Asher ben Jehiel (the Rosh ). Commentaries on Arba'ah Turim include Bet Yosef by Rabbi Joseph Karo , Bayit Chadash by Rabbi Yoel Sirkis , Darkhei Moshe by Moses Isserles , and a number of other Acharonim . The influential work of halacha , Shulkhan Arukh is a condensation of Beth Joseph and follows the basic structure of the Arba'ah Turim, including its division in four sections and chapters. The Tur continues to play an important role in Halakha. The organisation of the Shulkhan Arukh follows that of the Tur: subtopics are organised by sections ( simanim ) and laws ( se'ifim ) - this structure down to the siman is retained in the Shulkhan Arukh. Students of the Shulkan Aruch, particularly in Orthodox Semicha programs, will study the Tur and the Beth Joseph together with the Shulkhan Arukh itself.1
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The opening as it stood in 2010 10 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
The four-part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters ( simanim ) were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 364693071.
The opening as it stood in 2015
The four-part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters ( simanim ) were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 644126456.
The opening as it stood in 2020
An illuminated manuscript of Arba'ah Turim from 1435. The four-part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters ( simanim ) were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch . This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East.The Printing History of the Constantinople Hebrew Incunable of 1493: A Mediterranean Voyage of Discovery, in The British Library Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (Autumn 1996), Pp. 221-235.The specific mention of Southeast Europe & the Near East is on pg 223.
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 963292994.
The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023
Compilation of Jewish law and ritual An illuminated manuscript of Arba'ah Turim from 1435. The four-part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters ( simanim ) were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch . This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East. The Printing History of the Constantinople Hebrew Incunable of 1493: A Mediterranean Voyage of Discovery, in The British Library Journal, Vol. 22, No 2 (Autumn 1996), Pp. 221-235. The specific mention of Southeast Europe & the Near East is on pg 223.
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1084578470.
The opening as it stood in 2025 2 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
Compilation of Jewish law and ritual An illuminated manuscript of Arba'ah Turim from 1435. The four-part structure of the Tur and its division into chapters ( simanim ) were adopted by the later code Shulchan Aruch . This was the first book to be printed in Southeast Europe and the Near East.
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