Hijab

Note: The word " Hijab " is often used in news reports and common use, by both Muslims and non-Muslims, to refer to a form of headscarf. This specific use is also discussed below , and this article discusses the more general concept of modesty in Islam . Iraqi girl Hijab is the word used in the Islamic context for the practice of dressing modestly , which all practicing Muslims past the age of puberty are instructed to do in their holy book, the Qur'an . No precise dress code for men or women is set out in the Qur'an. However, the Qur'an gives some guidelines as to how Muslim women should behave. Verse 33:59 mentions that believers "draw their cloaks close round them (when they go out)"and (024.031) "And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their women, or the (female) slaves whom their right hands possess, or old male servants who lack vigour, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O ye Believers! turn ye all together towards God, that ye may attain Bliss." Various Islamic scholars have interpreted the meaning of hijab in different ways. The basic requirements are that when in the presence of someone of the opposite sex other than a "close family member" ( Mahram ), a woman should cover her body, and walk and dress in a way which does not draw sexual attention to her. Some scholars say that men should cover from at least the navel to the knees ; however, all the reports suggesting this are weak in its chain of transmission and thus inauthentic. Furthermore, there are authenic reports indicating that the Prophet Muhammad wore clothing that uncovered his thigh whilst riding his camel. Generally drawing sexual attention is only allowed between married couples—where it is highly encouraged—and they do not need to cover any part of their body in each other's presence (other Mahrams should hide at least their sexual organs from each other). As a rule of Islam, "in the case of necessity, for example for saving lives or avoiding severe hardship, hijab rules are waived". (Severe hardship, i.e. death or physical harm that could possibly result in death - see Ikrah , "physical compulsion") The way in which Muslims who practice hijab interpret the stated rules varies from country to country and even individual to individual. Specific cultural interpretations/practices include Purdah which is an Urdu/Persian word, and Chadar aur Chaardhiwaaree ("the sheet and the four walls", supposedly the protectors of women), and so on. Coverings associated with these practices include the Burqah , Chador , Khimar , Niqab , etc. See below and the article on External Hijab for more.

A hijab or ḥijāb ( Arabic : حجاب , (he-zjab) / [ħiˈɡæːb] ) is both the head covering traditionally worn by Muslim women and modest Muslim styles of dress in general. The Arabic word literally means curtain or cover (noun). Most Islamic legal systems define this type of modest dressing as covering everything except the face and hands in public. According to Islamic scholarship , hijab is given the wider meaning of modesty , privacy , and morality ; the word for a headscarf or veil used in the Qur'an is khimār ( خمار ) and not hijab . Still another definition is metaphysical, where al-hijab refers to "the veil which separates man or the world from God." Muslims differ as to whether the hijab should be required on women in public, as it is in countries like Iran and Saudi Arabia , or whether it should be banned in schools, as it is in France and Turkey .

According to some interpretations, it may also be worn in the presence of adult non-Muslim females outside of their immediate family. The hijab can further denote any head, face or body covering worn by Muslim women that similarly conforms to a certain standard of modesty. It can also be used to refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere , or it may embody a metaphysical dimension – Al-hijab refers to "the veil which separates man or the world from God". In fact the word "veil" derives from a Latin word which means much the same as hijab. Most often, the hijab is worn by Muslim women as a symbol of modesty and privacy . According to the Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World, modesty in the Quran concerns both men's and women's "gaze, gait, garments, and genitalia." The Quran admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals. Most Islamic legal systems define this type of modest dressing as covering everything except the face and hands in public. These guidelines (for covering of the entire body except for the hands, the feet and the face) are found in texts of fiqh and hadith developed after the revelation of the Quran but, according to some, are derived from the hijab ayahs in Quran. The Quran mandates Hijab for both men and women, the word "hijab" does not mean headscarf, but cover. The Quran states "tell the believing men to lower their gaze (in the presence of women), this is better for them", and for women "tell the believing women to put their khumur over their bosoms". The word "khumur" is often omitted when the quote is referenced, and the word is the actual word used in the Quran, which, by all Arabic translations means "a veil worn by a women to cover her head", and the second part of the verse, "over their bosoms" indicates women should cover their breasts in the presence of men who are not their immediate relatives. The term hijab in Arabic literally means “a screen or curtain ” and is used in the Quran to refer to a partition. The Quran tells the male believers (Muslims) to talk to the wives of Muhammad behind a curtain. This curtain was the responsibility of the men and not the wives of Muhammad. This leads some to claim that the mandate of the Quran to wear hijab applies to the wives of Muhammad, not women generally. Αlthough hijab is often seen by Westerners as a tool utilized by men to control and silence women, the practice is understood differently in different contexts. Conservative Muslims assert that applying the concept of Gheerah (protective jealousy) and enforcing the wearing of the hijab preserves a Muslim man's honor and helps to fulfill his requirement to be the protector of his womanfolk. "hijab noun – definition in British English Dictionary & Thesaurus – Cambridge Dictionary Online" .

The term can refer to any head, face, or body covering worn by Muslim women that conforms to Islamic standards of modesty . Hijab can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere , or it may denote a metaphysical dimension, for example referring to "the veil which separates man or the world from God." In the Qur'an , hadith , and other classical Arabic texts the term khimār ( ) was used to denote a headscarf, and ḥijāb was used to denote a partition, a curtain, or was used generally for the Islamic rules of modesty and dress for females. In its traditional form, it is worn by women to maintain modesty and privacy from unrelated males. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World , modesty in the Quran concerns both men's and women's "gaze, gait, garments, and genitalia." The Qur'an instructs Muslim women to dress modestly. Some Islamic legal systems define this type of modest clothing as covering everything except the face and hands up to wrists. These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Qur'an but, according to some, are derived from the verses ( ayahs ) referencing hijab in the Qur'an. Some believe that the Qur'an itself does not mandate that women wear hijab. In the Qur'an, the term hijab refers to a partition or curtain in the literal or metaphorical sense. The verse where it is used literally is commonly understood to refer to the curtain separating visitors to Muhammad 's house from his wives' lodgings. This had led some to argue that the mandate of the Qur'an to wear hijab applied to the wives of Muhammad, and not women generally. In recent times, wearing hijab in public has been required by law in Saudi Arabia (for Muslims), Iran and the Indonesian province of Aceh . Other countries, both in Europe and in the Muslim world , have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales. Women in different parts of the world have also experienced unofficial pressure to wear or not wear hijab. "Hijab noun – definition in British English Dictionary & Thesaurus – Cambridge Dictionary Online" .

Islamic head covering for women French Muslim women wearing hijab in 2017 Hijab ( Arabic : حجاب , romanized : ḥijāb , pronounced [ħɪˈdʒaːb] ) refers to head coverings worn by Muslim women . Similar to the mitpaḥat/ tichel or snood worn by religious married Jewish women, certain headcoverings worn by some Christian women , such as the hanging veil , apostolnik and kapp , and the dupatta favored by many Hindu and Sikh women, the hijab comes in various forms. The term describes a scarf that is wrapped around the head, covering the hair, neck, and ears while leaving the face visible. The use of the hijab has grown globally since the 1970s, with many Muslims viewing it as a symbol of modesty and faith; it is also worn as a form of adornment. There is consensus among Islamic religious scholars that covering the head is required. In practice, most Muslim women choose to wear it. The term ḥijāb was originally used to denote a partition and was sometimes used for Islamic rules of modesty . In the verses of the Qur'an, the term sometimes refers to a curtain separating visitors to Muhammad 's main house from his wives' lodgings. This has led some revisionists to claim that the mandate of the Qur'an applied only to the wives of Muhammad and not to all women. Another interpretation can also refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere , whereas a metaphysical dimension may refer to "the veil which separates man, or the world, from God". The Qur'an never uses the word hijab (lit. 'barrier') to refer to women's clothing, but rather discusses the attire of women using other terms Jilbāb and khimār (generic headscarf). There is variation in interpretations regarding the extent of covering required. Some legal systems accept the hijab as an order to cover everything except the face and hands, whilst others accept it as an order to cover the whole body, including the face and hands, via niqab . These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Qur'an. Some state that these guidelines are aligned with Qur'anic verses ( ayahs ) about hijab, while others interpret them differently with various conclusions on the extent of the mandate. Islamic veiling practices vary globally based on local laws and customs . In some regions, the hijab is mandated by law, while in others, its use is subject to restrictions or bans in both Europe and some Muslim countries. Additionally, women face informal pressure regarding their choice to wear or not wear the hijab. Muslim women often face heightened discrimination particularly in workplaces , a trend intensified after the rise of Islamophobia post- 9/11 . Hijab-wearing women face overt and covert prejudice, with covert bias often leading to hostile treatment. Studies show perceived discrimination can harm well-being but is often overcome by religious pride and community, with hijab-wearing women finding strength and belonging . Religious clothing and personal appearance" . Pew Research Center . 29 June 2021 . Ghoonghat (also ghunghat or jhund ) is the Hindi word used for a veil or a scarf that a woman in northern India wears to cover her head or face (in states such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Assam). Sometimes the end of a sari or dupatta (a long scarf) is pulled over the head or face to function as a ghoonghat . How Islamic Rulings Are Formed" . The New Encyclopedia of Islam . "YÜZÜ ÖRTMENİN HÜKMÜNE DÂİR DETAYLI DELİLLER - İslam Soru-Cevap" . islamqa.info . The Taliban: Ascent to Power . An experimental field study of interpersonal discrimination toward Muslim job applicants. Personnel Psychology , 63 (4), 881–906 Pascoe, E. Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review.