Islamophobia

Islamophobia is a contemporary neologism defined as prejudice against Islam and Muslims . According to them, Islamophobia encompasses the belief that Islam promotes religious fanaticism, violent tendencies towards non-Muslims, terrorism and rejects concepts such as equality tolerance, democracy and human rights. Those authors view it as a new form of racial prejudice whereby Muslims, an ethno-religious group, not a race, are nevertheless constructed as a race. Other authors , and regard this point of view as one-sided. According to them, the issue whether Islamic source materials such as Qur'an and Hadith promote religious fanaticism, violent tendencies towards non-Muslims and terrorism and rejects concepts such as equality, tolerance, democracy and human rights or not, is not settled, even not between Muslims themselves. They confine islamophobia to generalised hate against every Muslim. During the 1990s some sociologists and cultural analysts hypothesized that there was a shift in forms of prejudice from ones based on skin colour to ones based on notions of cultural superiority and otherness . Others, however, disagree, and hold that modern forms of prejudice are not substantially different from similar forms of prejudice that have existed in many other places and times. Islamophobia is fear and/or hatred of Islam, Muslims or Islamic culture. Islamophobia encompasses the belief that Islam promotes religious fanaticism, violent tendencies towards non-Muslims, terrorism and rejects concepts such as equality, tolerance, democracy and human rights. It is viewed as a new form of racial prejudice whereby Muslims, an ethno-religious group, not a race, are nevertheless constructed as a race. A set of negative assumptions are made of the entire group to the detriment of members of that group. How new it is, in the historic light of The Crusades , is debatable and could be as old as the 11th or even 8th Century AD. During the 1990s some sociologists and cultural analysts hypothesized that there was a shift in forms of prejudice from ones based on skin colour to ones based on notions of cultural superiority and otherness . Others, however, disagree, and hold that modern forms of prejudice are not substantially different from similar forms of prejudice that have existed in many other places and times.

sidebar Islamophobia (or anti-Muslim sentiment ) is a term for prejudice against, hatred towards, or fear of the religion of Islam or Muslims . The term entered into common English usage in 1997 with the publication of a report by the Runnymede Trust condemning negative emotions such as fear, hatred, and dread directed at Islam or Muslims. While the term is now widely used, both the term itself and the underlying concept have been criticized. The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are still debated. Some scholars have defined it as a type of racism . Some commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacks , while others have associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in the United States , the European Union and other secular nations .

Fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the Islamic religion or Muslims generally sidebar Islamophobia is the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the Islamic religion or Muslims generally, especially when seen as a geopolitical force or the source of terrorism . The meaning of the term continues to be debated, and some view it as problematic. Several scholars consider Islamophobia to be a form of xenophobia or racism , although the legitimacy of this definition is disputed. Some scholars view Islamophobia and racism as partially overlapping phenomena, while others dispute the relationship, primarily on the grounds that religion is not a race. The causes and characteristics of Islamophobia are also subjects of debate. Some commentators have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacks , the rise of Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , and other terror attacks in Europe and the United States by Islamic extremists . Some have associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in the United States and in the European Union , while others view it as a response to the emergence of a global Muslim identity.

Fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general This article is about fear, hatred of, or prejudice towards Muslims or Islam. Islamophobia is the fear of, hatred of, or prejudice against the religion of Islam or Muslims in general, especially when seen as a geopolitical force or a source of terrorism . The scope and precise definition of the term Islamophobia , is the subject of debate. Some scholars consider it to be a form of xenophobia or racism , some consider Islamophobia and racism to be closely related or partially overlapping phenomena, while others dispute any relationship; primarily on the grounds that religion is not a race. The causes of Islamophobia are also the subject of debate, most notably between commentators who have posited an increase in Islamophobia resulting from the September 11 attacks , the rise of the militant group Islamic State , other terror attacks in Europe and the United States by Islamic extremists , those who associated it with the increased presence of Muslims in the United States and in the European Union , and others who view it as a response to the emergence of a global Muslim identity. On 15 March 2022, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution by consensus which was introduced by Pakistan on behalf of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation that proclaimed March 15 as ' International Day to Combat Islamophobia '.

Discrimination against Islam or Muslims This article is about irrational fear, hatred of, or prejudice towards Muslims or Islam. Islamophobia is primarily a form of religious or cultural bigotry; and people who harbour such sentiments often stereotype Muslims as a geopolitical threat or a source of terrorism . Muslims, with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, are often inaccurately portrayed by Islamophobes as a single homogeneous racial group. The causes of increased Islamophobia across the world since the end of the Cold War are many. These include the quasi-racialist stereotypes against Muslims that proliferated through the Western media since the 1990s, the " war on terror " campaign launched by the United States after the September 11 attacks , the rise of the Islamic State in the aftermath of the Iraq War , terrorist attacks carried out by Islamist militants in the United States and Europe, anti-Muslim rhetoric disseminated by white nationalist organizations through the internet , and the radicalization of Christian nationalist and far-right groups with growing hostility towards Muslims in the United States and the European Union . A study conducted in 2013 revealed that Muslim women, especially those wearing headscarves or face veils, are more vulnerable to suffer from Islamophobic attacks than Muslim men. Due to the racialized nature of Islamophobic discrimination and attacks suffered by numerous Muslims in their daily lives, several scholars have asserted that Islamophobia has explicit racist dimensions. On 15 March 2022, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution by consensus which was introduced by Pakistan on behalf of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation that proclaimed March 15 as ' International Day To Combat Islamophobia '. The exact definition of the term "Islamophobia" has been a subject of debate amongst Western analysts. Detractors of the term have proposed alternative terms, such as "anti-Muslim", to denote prejudice or discrimination against Muslims. It has been alleged, often by right-wing commentators, that the term is sometimes used to avoid criticism of Islam , by removing the distinction between racism and criticism of religious doctrine or practice. However, academics, activists and experts who support the terminology have denounced such characterizations as attempts to deny the existence of Islamophobia. "Reflection: the "war on terror", Islamophobia and radicalisation twenty years on" . Critical Studies on Terrorism . 14 (4). Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire (2nd ed.). Global Islamophobia and the Rise of Populism . " "Neither 'Islam' nor 'Muslim' is race": Islamophobia, racism and freedom of expression" . The Islamophobia Industry: How the Right Manufactures Hatred of Muslims (Second ed.). "Quatre questions sur l'emploi du terme "islamophobie", qui fait (une nouvelle fois) débat" . "Tackling denial of Islamophobia" . 24 November 2022.