Judaea (Roman province)

Iudaea was the name of a Roman province , which extended over Judaea ( Palestine ). During the 1st century BC Judea lost its autonomy to the Roman Empire by becoming first a client kingdom , then a province of the empire .

Iudaea ( Hebrew : יהודה, Standard Yehuda Tiberian Yehûḏāh ; ; ; sometimes spelled Judaea in English) is the term used by historians to refer to the Roman province that extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel. It was named after Herod Archelaus 's ethnarchy of Judea of which it was an expansion, the latter name deriving from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE. Rome's involvement in the area dated from 63 BCE , following the end of the Third Mithridatic War , when Rome made Syria a province. After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus , general Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) remained to secure the area. Subsequently, during the 1st century BCE , the Herodian Kingdom was established as a client kingdom and then later in the first century CE parts became a province of the Roman Empire . Iudaea Province was the stage of three major rebellions (see Jewish-Roman wars ), including the Great Jewish Revolt ( 66 - 70 CE) the Kitos War ( 115 - 117 CE), and Bar Kokhba's revolt ( 132 - 135 CE), after which Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina in an attempt to erase the historical ties of the Jewish people to the region.

Today part of Israel Jordan Palestine Before August 4, 70 is referred to as Second Temple Judaism , from which the Tannaim and Early Christianity emerged . Judea ( Hebrew : יהודה, Standard Yehuda Tiberian Yehûḏāh ; ; ; ), sometimes spelled in its original Latin forms of Judæa , Judaea or Iudaea to distinguish it from the geographical region of Judea , was a Roman province that incorporated the geographical regions of Judea, Samaria , and Idumea , and which extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Israel. It was named after Herod Archelaus 's Tetrarchy of Judea , of which it was an expansion, the latter name deriving from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE. Rome's involvement in the area dated from 63 BCE, following the end of the Third Mithridatic War , when Rome made Syria a province. In that year, after the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus , the proconsul Pompeius Magnus ( Pompey the Great ) sacked Jerusalem and entered the Jerusalem Temple . Subsequently, during the 1st century BCE, the Herodian Kingdom was established as a Roman client kingdom and then in 6 CE parts became a province of the Roman Empire . Judea province was the scene of unrest at its founding during the Census of Quirinius and several wars were fought in its history, known as the Jewish-Roman wars . The Temple was destroyed in 70 as part of the Great Jewish Revolt resulting in the institution of the Fiscus Judaicus , and after Bar Kokhba's revolt (132–135 CE), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina , which certain scholars conclude was done in an attempt to remove the relationship of the Jewish people to the region. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine .

Province of the Roman Empire (6–135 CE) Before 4 August 70 is referred to as Second Temple Judaism , from which the Tannaim and Early Christianity emerged . The Roman province of Judea ( / dʒ uː ˈ d iː ə / ; , Standard Yehuda Tiberian Yehûḏāh ; Ioudaia ; ), sometimes spelled in its original Latin forms of Iudæa or Iudaea to distinguish it from the geographical region of Judea , incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea , and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea. It was named after Herod Archelaus 's Tetrarchy of Judea , but the Roman province encompassed a much larger territory. The name "Judea" was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE. According to the historian Josephus , immediately following the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea was turned into a Roman province, during which time the Roman procurator was given authority to punish by execution. The general population also began to be taxed by Rome . The province of Judea was the scene of unrest at its founding in 6 CE during the Census of Quirinius , the Crucifixion of Jesus circa 30–33 CE, and several wars, known as the Jewish–Roman wars , were fought during its existence. The Second Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE near the end of the First Jewish–Roman War , and the Fiscus Judaicus was instituted. After the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina , which certain scholars conclude was an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland. Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) 2.8.1 . The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine .

Province of the Roman Empire (6–135 AD) Today part of Israel Palestine Jordan (Peraea) Lebanon (NW Galilee) Form of Judaism: before August 70 , it is referred to as Second Temple Judaism , from which the Tannaim and Early Christianity emerged . Judaea was a Roman province from 6 to 135 CE, which at its height encompassed the regions of Judea , Idumea , Peraea , Samaria , and Galilee , as well as parts of the coastal plain of the southern Levant . At its height, it encompassed much of the core territories of the former Kingdom of Judaea, which had been ruled by the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties in previous decades. The name Judaea (like the similar Judea ) derives from the Iron Age Kingdom of Judah , which was centered in the region of Judea. Since the Roman Republic 's conquest of Judaea in 63 BCE, which abolished the independent Hasmonean monarchy, Rome maintained a system of semi-autonomous vassalage in the region. After Hasmonean ruler Antigonus II Mattathias briefly regained the throne, he was overthrown by Herod , who was appointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate and ruled Judaea until his death in 4 BCE. The province's formal incorporation into the Roman Empire was enacted by Augustus in 6 CE, following an appeal by the populace against the misrule of Herod's son, Herod Archelaus (r. 4 BCE – 6 CE). The administrative capital was relocated from Jerusalem to the coastal city of Caesarea Maritima . Over the six decades following the province's establishment, relations between the majority Jewish population and Roman authorities were marked by frequent crises. With the onset of direct rule, the official census instituted by Publius Sulpicius Quirinius , the governor of Roman Syria , caused tensions and led to an uprising by Jewish rebel Judas of Galilee (6 CE). Other notable events in the region include the crucifixion of Jesus c. 30–33 CE (which led to the emergence of Christianity ) and in 37 CE, Emperor Caligula ordered the erection of a statue of himself in the Second Temple . A brief respite came under Agrippa I (r. 41–44 CE), a popular ruler who temporarily restored Jewish self-governance under Roman auspices. However, after his death, Judaea—now encompassing Galilee and Peraea—reverted to direct Roman rule, and unrest gradually escalated. In the following years, prophetic figures sought to gain followers, Sicarii assassins targeted officials, and corrupt and brutal governors—most notably Gessius Florus (r. 64–66 CE)—further inflamed tensions. In 66 CE, unrest in Caesarea, followed by clashes in Jerusalem, ignited the First Jewish–Roman War . The Romans, under Vespasian and later his son Titus , systematically crushed the rebellion, culminating in the razing of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The Jewish population recovered within a generation and, in 132 CE, launched the Bar Kokhba revolt in response to Hadrian 's plans to construct Aelia Capitolina , a non-Jewish colony , on the ruins of Jerusalem. The rebels briefly established an independent Jewish state, but the Roman suppression of the revolt resulted in the widespread destruction and near-depopulation of the region of Judea. In that same year, Judea was officially merged with Galilee in an enlarged province named Syria Palaestina . ( Latin : Iudaea [juːˈdae̯.a] ; Ancient Greek : Ἰουδαία , romanized : Ioudaía [i.uˈdɛ.a] ) Clouser, Gordon (2011). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History .