List of genocides

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by editing the page to add missing items, with references to reliable sources . This list of genocides by death toll includes death toll estimates of all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by genocide . The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) defines genocide in part as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". Determining what historical events constitute a genocide and which are merely criminal or inhuman behavior is not a clear-cut matter. Some of accounts below may include ancillary causes of death such as malnutrition and disease, which may or may not have been intentionally inflicted. A figure of 5.29 million as informed by Yadvashem Center. The Destruction of the European Jews, 2003; Martin Gilbert, Atlas of the Holocaust, 1993; Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, 1995. The War Against the Jews . The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . [1] , [2] The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds. "Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison" . Mortalité et causes de décès en Ukraine au XXe siècle: la crise sanitaire dans les pays de l'ex-URSS . This is too close to the recorded figure of excess deaths, which is about 2.4 million. The latter figure must be substantially low, since many deaths were not recorded. Another demographic calculation, carried out on behalf of the authorities of independent Ukraine, provides the figure of 3.9 million dead. The truth is probably in between these numbers, where most of the estimates of respectable scholars can be found. It seems reasonable to propose a figure of approximately 3.3 million deaths by starvation and hunger-related disease in Soviet Ukraine in 1932–1933". sfn error: no target: CITEREFSnyder2010 ( help ) David R. Quote: "The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union , about four to five million were Ukrainians. ... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine. ... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself." sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the famine as genocide by the country. Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia . The Soviet Colossus: History and Aftermath . Lowest estimate for killed by Serbian Cetniks: For Jews: 13,500 (95%). Lowest estimate for killed by Yugoslavian Communist: For Croats: 35,000 Bleiburg repatriations . A total of 525,000" Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict" . Debate over Darfur death toll intensifies Goldman, Wendy Z. The Court of the Red Tsar, page 229. "Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than Katyn)". Pembantaian di Indonesia 1965-1966 Communist Party of Indonesia#Mass killings and the end of the PKI Tan, Paige J. The Middle East: A History . Well aware of the genocidal Al-Anfal campaign waged against the Kurds in northern Iraq by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein." p 252 "The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. Genocide in Iraq: the Anfal campaign against the Kurds . A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition . Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity . Indian Professor Sarmila Bose recently expressed the view that a truly impartial study has never been done, while Bangladeshi ambassador Shamsher M. Chowdhury has suggested that a joint Pakistan-Bangladeshi commission be formed to properly investigate the event. Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report , chapter 2 , paragraph 33 (official 1974 Pakistani report). According to the 1985 United Nations' Whitaker Report, some 65,000 Herero (80 percent of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) were killed between 1904 and 1907 Kevin Shillington (2005). Encyclopedia of African History . The Trial of Macias in Equatorial Guinea . While the ICJ found that "genocidal acts" had been carried out throughout the war, the court was able to definitely establish genocidal intent in only one case, the Srebrenica massacre: " Serbia found guilty of failure to prevent and punish genocide ", Sense Agency 26 Feb 2007, accessed 29 August 2007 "Serbian MPs offer apology for Srebrenica massacre" . Reuters, "Argentine judge asks China arrests over Falun Gong" , 22 Dec 2009. La Audiencia pide interrogar al ex presidente chino Jiang por genocidio , Nov 14, 2009 Samuel Totten and Paul Robert Bartrop Dictionary of Genocide .

This list of genocides includes estimates of all deaths which were directly or indirectly caused by genocide , as it is defined by the UN Convention on Genocide . It excludes mass killings which may be referred to as genocide by some scholars and are variously also called mass murder , crimes against humanity , politicide , classicide , or war crimes , such as the Thirty Years' War (7.5 million deaths), Japanese war crimes (3 to 14 million deaths), the Red Terror (100,000 to 1.3 million deaths), the Atrocities in the Congo Free State (1 to 15 million deaths), the Great Purge (0.6 to 1.75 million deaths), the Great Leap Forward and the famine which followed it (15 to 55 million deaths). A broader list of genocides, ethnic cleansing and related mass persecution is available. Genocides in history include cases where there is less consensus among scholars as to whether they constituted genocide. American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present .

This list includes all events which have been classified as genocide by significant scholarship. As there are varying definitions of genocide , this list includes events around which there is ongoing scholarly debate over their classification as genocide and is not a list of only events which have a scholarly consensus to recognize them as genocide. This list excludes mass killings which have not been explicitly defined as genocidal. American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).