Mishnah

Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Targum v t e The Mishnah or Mishna ( Hebrew : משנה , "repetition", from the verb shanah שנה , or "to study and review", also "secondary" (derived from the adj. שני )) is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions called the " Oral Torah " and the first major work of Rabbinic Judaism . It was redacted c. 220 CE by Judah haNasi when, according to the Talmud , the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions dating from Pharisaic times (536 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. It is thus named for being both the one written authority (codex) secondary (only) to the Tanakh as a basis for the passing of judgment, a source and a tool for creating laws, and the first of many books to complement the Bible in a certain aspect. The Mishnah is also called Shas (an acronym for Shisha Sedarim - the "six orders"), in reference to its six main divisions. Rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah over the next three centuries were redacted as the Gemara , which, coupled with the Mishnah, comprise the Talmud . The Mishnah reflects debates between 70-200 CE by the group of rabbinic sages known as the Tannaim . The Mishnah teaches the oral traditions by example, presenting actual cases being brought to judgment, usually along with the debate on the matter and the judgment that was given by a wise and notable rabbi based on the rules , Mitzvot , and spirit of the teaching ("Torah") that guided his sentencing. In this way, it brings to everyday reality the practice of the mitzvot as presented in the Bible, and aimed to cover all aspects of human living, serve as an example for future judgments, and, most importantly, demonstrate pragmatic exercise of the Biblical laws, which was much needed at the time when the Second Temple was destroyed (70 CE). The Mishnah does not claim to be the development of new laws, but rather the collection of existing traditions. The Mishnah consists of six orders ( sedarim , singular seder סדר ), each containing 7-12 tractates ( masechtot , singular masechet מסכת ; lit. "web"), 63 in total, and further subdivided into chapters and paragraphs or verses. The orders and their subjects are: Zeraim ("Seeds"), dealing with prayer and blessings, tithes and agricultural laws (11 tractates), Moed ("Festival"), pertaining to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals (12 tractates), Nashim ("Women"), concerning marriage and divorce, some forms of oaths and the laws of the nazirite (7 tractates), Nezikin ("Damages"), dealing with civil and criminal law, the functioning of the courts and oaths (10 tractates), Kodashim ("Holy things"), regarding sacrificial rites, the Temple , and the dietary laws (11 tractates) and Tohorot ("Purities"), pertaining to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of food purity and bodily purity (12 tractates). The word Mishnah can also indicate a single paragraph or verse of the work itself, i.e. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah. In the Greek language , the name Deuterosis means "repetition." The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force. The term Shas is also used to refer to a complete Talmud , which follows the structure of the Mishnah. Recorded mostly in Aramaic . The plural term (singular tanna ) for the Rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah; the period of the Tannaim is also referred to as the Mishnaic period and followed the Zugot ("pairs"), preceding the period of the Amoraim The root tanna (תנא) is the Aramaic equivalent for the Hebrew root shanah (שנה), which also is the root-word of Mishnah . The verb shanah (שנה) literally means "to repeat [what one was taught]" and is used to mean "to learn".

First known printed copy of Mishnah, Naples, 1492 Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Targum v t e The Mishnah or Mishna ( / ˈ m ɪ ʃ n ə / ; , "study by repetition"), from the verb shanah שנה , or "to study and review", also "secondary," is the first major written redaction of the Jewish oral traditions known as the " Oral Torah ". It is also the first major work of Rabbinic literature . The earliest known copy of the Mishnah has additions, and is contained within a book featuring commentary that was printed in Naples Italy during the late 15th century. The Mishnah was redacted by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi before his death around 217 CE, in a time when, according to the Talmud , the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (536 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. The majority of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew , while some parts are Aramaic . The Mishnah consists of six orders ( sedarim , singular seder סדר ), each containing 7–12 tractates ( masechtot , singular masechet מסכת ; lit. "web"), 63 in total, and further subdivided into chapters and paragraphs or verses. The word Mishnah can also indicate a single paragraph or a verse of the work itself, i.e. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah. Mishnah is also called Deuterosis , which means "repetition" in Ancient Greek . The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force.

The first major written collection of the Oral Torah. Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Targum v t e The Mishnah or Mishna ( / ˈ m ɪ ʃ n ə / ; , "study by repetition", from the verb shanah , or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions known as the Oral Torah . It is also the first major work of rabbinic literature . The Mishnah was redacted by Judah ha-Nasi at the beginning of the third century CE in a time when, according to the Talmud , the persecution of the Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (536 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. Most of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew , while some parts are Aramaic . The Mishnah consists of six orders ( sedarim , singular seder סדר ), each containing 7–12 tractates ( masechtot , singular masechet מסכת ; lit. "web"), 63 in total, and further subdivided into chapters and paragraphs. The word Mishnah can also indicate a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah. The same meaning is suggested by the term Deuterosis ("doubling" or "repetition" in Ancient Greek ) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However it is not always clear from the context whether the reference is to the Mishnah or to the Targum , which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading. The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force. Heinrich Graetz , dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H.

First major written collection of the Oral Torah Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Targum v t e The Mishnah or the Mishna ( / ˈ m ɪ ʃ n ə / ; , "study by repetition", from the verb shanah שנה ‎, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah . It is also the first major work of rabbinic literature . The Mishnah was redacted by Judah ha-Nasi probably in Beit Shearim or Sepphoris between the ending of the second century and the beginning of the 3rd century CE in a time when, according to the Talmud , the persecution of Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. Most of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew , but some parts are in Aramaic . The Mishnah consists of six orders ( sedarim , singular seder סדר ), each containing 7–12 tractates ( masechtot , singular masechet מסכת ; lit. "web"), 63 in total, and further subdivided into chapters and paragraphs. The word Mishnah can also indicate a single paragraph of the work, i.e. the smallest unit of structure in the Mishnah. The same meaning is suggested by the term Deuterosis ("doubling" or "repetition" in Ancient Greek ) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However, it is not always clear from the context if the reference is to the Mishnah or the Targum , which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading. The list of joyful days known as Megillat Taanit is older, but according to the Talmud it is no longer in force. Heinrich Graetz , dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Jewish Magic and Superstition . Mishna —the "Oral Law" forming basis of the Talmud; edited c. 220 C.E. by R.

First major written collection of the Oral Torah Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Targum v t e The Mishnah or the Mishna ( / ˈ m ɪ ʃ n ə / ; Hebrew : מִשְׁנָה , romanized : mišnā , lit. ' study by repetition ' , from the verb שנה ‎ šānā , "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah . Having been collected in the 3rd century CE, it is the first work of rabbinic literature , written primarily in Mishnaic Hebrew but also partly in Jewish Aramaic . The oldest surviving physical fragments of it are from the 6th to 7th centuries. The Mishnah was redacted by Judah ha-Nasi probably in Beit Shearim or Sepphoris between the ending of the second century CE and the beginning of the third century in a time when the persecution of Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten. After the Mishnah was compiled, it became the subject of centuries of rabbinic commentary, primarily taking place in the Land of Israel and Babylonia . Both of these centers compiled their own collection of rabbinic commentaries on the Mishnah, leading to the creation of the Jerusalem Talmud and the now more well known Babylonian Talmud ("Talmud" alone refers to the latter). The same meaning is suggested by the term Deuterosis ("doubling" or "repetition" in Koine Greek ) used in Roman law and Patristic literature. However, it is not always clear from the context if the reference is to the Mishnah or the Targum , which could be regarded as a "doubling" of the Torah reading. Talmuda de-Eretz Israel: archaeology and the rabbis . Center for Israel studies. Heinrich Graetz , dissenting, places the Mishnah's compilation in 189 CE (see: H. Jewish Magic and Superstition . Mishna —the "Oral Law" forming basis of the Talmud; edited c. 220 C.E. by R.