Muhammad al-Jawad

Twelver Muhammad al-Taqī or Muhammad al-Jawād ( Arabic : الإمام محمد التقي الجواد ) ( Rajab 10, 195 AH – Dhu al-Qi'dah 29, 220 AH ; approximately April 8, 811 AD – November 24, 835 AD) was the ninth of the Twelve Imams . His given name was Muhammad ibn ‘Alī ibn Mūsā, and among his titles, al-Taqī and al-Jawād are the most renowned. Muhammad al-Taqī was the shortest-lived of the Twelve Imāms, dying at the age of 25.

After Ali al-Ridha's death, the Abbasid Caliph, al-Ma'mun , summoned al-Jawad to himself, and to keep him in Baghdad , he married his daughter to him. Later on al-Jawad was allowed to return to Medina , devoting his life to teaching. After Al-Ma'mun's death, however, he was summoned to Baghdad again, and according to Shiite accounts was poisoned by his wife. The daughter of al-Ma'mun, at the instigation of the new caliph Al-Mu'tasim . Dying at the age of 25, he was the shortest-lived of the Twelve Imams . Quotations related to Muhammad al-Taqī al-Jawād at Wikiquote Shabbar, S.M.R. Story of the Holy Ka’aba . Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain . A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles . Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr .

Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams "Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jawwad ( , Muḥammad ibn ʿAlīy al-Jawwād , c. 12 April 811 – 29 November 835) was the ninth of the Twelve Imams and a descendant of Muhammad . He was also called Abu Ja'far , Ibn al-Ridha ("the son of al-Riha); al-Jawwād ("the generous") and al-Taqī ("the pious"). His role is celebrated by the largest branch of Shia Islam , the Twelver or Athnā‘ashariyyah branch. According to Shiite accounts, he was poisoned by his wife and died at age 25, the shortest-lived of the Twelve. Story of the Holy Ka’aba . A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles . A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles . Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr . A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles .

Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams (811–835) "Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. He is known by the epithets al-Jawād ( ) and al-Taqī ( ). Like most of his predecessors, Muhammad kept aloof from politics and engaged in religious teaching, while organizing the affairs of the Imamite Shia community through a network of representatives ( wokala ). The extensive correspondence of al-Jawad with his followers on questions of Islamic law has been preserved in Shia sources and numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are also attributed to him. Born in Medina in 810–811, Muhammad al-Jawad was the son of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams. In 817, the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun ( r. 813–833 ) summoned al-Rida to Khorasan and designated him as the heir apparent , possibly to mitigate the frequent Shia revolts. This appointment provoked strong opposition in Iraq , which forced al-Ma'mun to return to the capital Baghdad in 818 and abandon his pro-Shia policies. On the way back to Baghdad, al-Rida suddenly fell ill and died in Tus , likely poisoned by order of al-Ma'mun as he made concessions to the opposition. Upon the death of al-Rida in 818, the succession of his only son Muhammad to the imamate at the age of about seven became controversial. Most Imamite Shias accepted the imamate of al-Jawad because the Imam, in their view, received his perfect religious knowledge through divine inspiration, irrespective of his age. At the time, some instead turned for leadership to al-Jawad's uncle, Ahmad ibn Musa al-Kazim, and some others joined the Waqifites , but the succession of al-Jawad evidently did not create any permanent divisions in the Shia community. Twelver sources often justify the imamate of the young al-Jawad by drawing parallels with Jesus and John the Baptist , both of whom in the Quran received their prophetic missions in childhood. In 830, al-Jawad was summoned to Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, who married his daughter Umm Fadhl to the former. This marriage, however, was to be without issue and might have been infelicitous. His successor, Ali al-Hadi , was already born in 828 to Samana, a freed slave ( umm walad ). In 833, al-Ma'mun died and was succeeded by his brother, al-Mu'tasim ( r. 833–842 ), who summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 835 and hosted him and his wife, possibly to investigate any links between al-Jawad and new Shia revolts. There al-Jawad died in the same year at the age of about twenty-five. All major Sunni sources are silent about the manner of his death, while Shia authorities are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned by his disaffected wife, Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle, al-Mu'tasim. Muhammad al-Jawad was buried next to his grandfather, Musa al-Kazim , the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the Quraysh , where the Kazimayn shrine was later erected. Kazimayn has since become an important center for pilgrimage.

Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams (811–835) "Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. Principles Monotheism Justice Prophethood Imamate Judgement Day Other beliefs Imamate of the Family Angels Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan Practices Salat Sawm Hajj Zakat Khums Jihad Amr bi-l maʿrūf Nahy ani l-Munkar Tawalli Tabarri Other practices Mourning of Muharram Arba'een Pilgrimage Intercession Holy cities Mecca Medina Najaf Karbala Mashhad Jerusalem Samarra Kadhimiya Qom Groups Ja'fari Usuli Akhbari Shaykhi Other related sects and groups Alawites Sufi orders and Alevism Qizilbash Safaviyya Bektashism and folk religion Malamatiyya Qalandariyya Hurufism Bektashism Galibi Ni'matullāhī Scholarship Law Marja' ( list ) Hawza Ayatollah ( list ) Allamah Seghatoleslam Mohyeddin Hojatoleslam Ijtihad Hadith collections The Four Books Kitab al-Kafi Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih Tahdhib al-Ahkam Al-Istibsar Other hadith collections Book of Sulaym ibn Qays Bihar al-Anwar Wasā'il al-Shīʿa Reality of Certainty Nahj al-Balagha Mafatih al-Jinan Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya Al-Amali Sources of ijtihad and jurisprudence Qur'an Hadiths of The Infallibles Consensus Reason Related topics List of Twelver Shia books Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism Shia Islam portal v t e Muhammad al-Jawad ( Arabic : محمد بن علي الجواد , romanized : Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Jawād , c. 8 April 811 – c. 29 November 835 ) was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the ninth of the Twelve Imams , succeeding his father, Ali al-Rida ( d. 818 ). He is known by the epithets al-Jawād (Arabic: الجواد , lit. ' the generous ' ) and al-Taqī (Arabic: التقي , lit. ' the pious ' ). Like most of his predecessors, Muhammad kept aloof from politics and engaged in religious teaching, while organizing the affairs of the Imamite Shia community through a network of representatives ( wokala ). The extensive correspondence of al-Jawad with his followers on questions of Islamic law has been preserved in Shia sources and numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are also attributed to him. Born in Medina in 810–811, Muhammad al-Jawad was the son of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Twelve Imams. In 817, the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun ( r. 813–833 ) summoned al-Rida to Khorasan and designated him as the heir apparent , possibly to mitigate the frequent Shia revolts. This appointment provoked strong opposition in Iraq , which forced al-Ma'mun to return to the capital Baghdad in 818 and abandon his pro-Shia policies. On the way back to Baghdad, al-Rida suddenly fell ill and died in Tus , likely poisoned by order of al-Ma'mun as he made concessions to the opposition. Upon the death of al-Rida in 818, the succession of his only son Muhammad to the imamate at the age of about seven became controversial. Most Imamite Shias accepted the imamate of al-Jawad because the Imam, in their view, received his perfect religious knowledge through divine inspiration, irrespective of his age. At the time, some instead turned for leadership to al-Jawad's uncle, Ahmad ibn Musa al-Kazim, and some others joined the Waqifites , but the succession of al-Jawad evidently did not create any permanent divisions in the Shia community. Twelver sources often justify the imamate of the young al-Jawad by drawing parallels with Jesus and John the Baptist , both of whom in the Quran received their prophetic missions in childhood. In 830, al-Jawad was summoned to Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, who married his daughter Umm Fadhl to the former. This marriage, however, was to be without issue and might have been infelicitous. His successor, Ali al-Hadi , was already born in 828 to Samana, a freed slave ( umm walad ). In 833, al-Ma'mun died and was succeeded by his brother, al-Mu'tasim ( r. 833–842 ), who summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 835 and hosted him and his wife, possibly to investigate any links between al-Jawad and new Shia revolts. There al-Jawad died in the same year at the age of about twenty-five. All major Sunni sources are silent about the manner of his death, while Shia authorities are nearly unanimous that he was poisoned by his disaffected wife, Umm al-Fadl, at the instigation of her uncle, al-Mu'tasim. Muhammad al-Jawad was buried next to his grandfather, Musa al-Kazim , the seventh of the Twelve Imams, in the cemetery of the Quraysh , where the Kazimayn shrine was later erected. Kazimayn has since become an important center for pilgrimage.