Rashid Rida

Muhammad Rashid Rida ( ; transliteration , Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍāʾ; Ottoman Syria , 23 September 1865– Egypt , 22 August 1935) was an early Islamic reformer , whose ideas would later influence 20th-century Islamist thinkers in developing a political philosophy of an " Islamic state ". Rida is said to have been one of the most influential and controversial scholars of his generation and was deeply influenced by the early Salafi Movement and the movement for Islamic Modernism founded in Cairo by Muhammad Abduh . Rida was born near Tripoli in Al-Qalamoun , now in Lebanon but then part of Ottoman Syria within the Ottoman Empire ). His early education consisted of training in "traditional Islamic subjects". In 1884-5 he was first exposed to al-`Urwa al-wuthqa , the journal of the Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. In 1897 he left Syria for Cairo to collaborate with Abduh and the following year they launched al-Manar , a weekly and then monthly journal comprising Quranic commentary at which Rida worked until his death in 1935. David Gauvain, Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God, p33 "He began to specialize in the field of Hadith and its related sciences by the age of 20 -- being influenced by articles in Al-Manar magazine." Prophet's Prayer (Sallallaahu 'Alaihi Wasallam) Described from the Beginning to the End as Though You See it, introduction, p4.

Syrian Muslim scholar and reformer Muhammad Rashid Rida ( ; 23 September 1865 or 18 October 1865 – 22 August 1935) was an early Islamic reformer , whose ideas would later influence 20th-century Islamist thinkers in developing a political philosophy of an " Islamic state ". Rida is said to have been one of the most influential and controversial scholars of his generation and was deeply influenced by the early Salafi Movement and the movement for Islamic Modernism founded in Cairo by Muhammad Abduh . Rida was born near Tripoli in Al-Qalamoun . His early education consisted of training in "traditional Islamic subjects". In 1884–5 he was first exposed to al-`Urwa al-wuthqa , the journal of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. In 1897 he left Syria for Cairo to collaborate with Abduh. The following year Rida launched al-Manar , a weekly and then monthly journal comprising Quranic commentary at which he worked until his death in 1935, gradually distancing himself from the teachings of Abduh and adopting the methodology of the Salaf. Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt . Christian criticisms, Islamic proofs: Rashid Rida's modernist defence of Islam. "Islamic reform: The political and legal theories of Muhammad'Abduh and Rashid Rida." (1966). In the Presence of God, p33 Brown, Johnathon (14 December 2009). "He began to specialize in the field of Hadith and its related sciences by the age of 20 -- being influenced by articles in Al-Manar magazine." Prophet's Prayer (Sallallaahu 'Alaihi Wasallam) Described from the Beginning to the End as Though You See it, introduction, p4. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World .

Salafi reformist scholar and theologian (1865–1935) Muhammad Rashid Riḍā ( ; 1865–1935) commonly known as Rashid Riḍā , was a prominent Sunni Islamic scholar , reformer , theologian , and revivalist . As a Salafi scholar who called for the revival of hadith studies and a theoretician of an Islamic state , Riḍā condemned the rising currents of secularism and nationalism across the Islamic world following the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate , and called for a global Islamic Renaissance program to re-establish an Islamic caliphate . As a young hadith student who studied al-Ghazali and ibn Taymiyyah , Riḍā believed reform was necessary to save the Muslim communities, eliminate Sufist practices he considered heretical, and initiate an Islamic renewal . He left Syria to work with Abduh in Cairo , where he was influenced by Abduh's Islamic Modernist movement and began publishing al-Manar in 1898. Through al-Manar's popularity across the Islamic World , Riḍā became one of the most influential Sunni jurists of his generation, leading the Arab Salafi movement and championing its cause. He was Abduh's de facto successor and was responsible for a split in Abduh's disciples into one group rooted in modernism and secularism and the other in the revival of Islam. Salafism , also known as Salafiyya , which sought the "Islamization of modernity," emerged from the latter. During the 1900s, Riḍā abandoned his initial rationalist leanings and began espousing Salafi-oriented methodologies such as that of Ahl-i Hadith . He later supported the Wahhabi movement , revived works by ibn Taymiyyah , and shifted the Salafism movement into a more conservative and strict Scripturalist approach. He is regarded by a number of historians as "pivotal in leading Salafism's retreat" from the rationalist school of Abduh. He strongly opposed liberalism , Western ideas, freemasonry , Zionism , and European imperialism , and supported armed Jihad to expel European influences from the Islamic World. He also laid the foundations for anti-Western , pan-Islamist struggle during the early 20th century. Social and Cultural Studies . 5 (2). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt . Albānī's son 'Abd Allāh calls Rashīd Riḍā muḥaddith Miṣr ("the ḥadīth scholar of Egypt")... Although he was a Shāfiʿī, Riḍā defended the Ḥanbalī Wahhābīs. He rejected the ulema's unquestioning imitation of their medieval predecessors (taqlid), and the practice of blindly following a particular school of jurisprudence (madh-hab). (Rida)... claimed to be Salafi in creed and relied more heavily on transmitted knowledge (naql) than did Muhammad Abduh. Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam . This shift was most pronounced in the person of Rashid Rida (d. 1935), once a close student of 'Abduh, who increasingly moved to rigid Athari thought under Wahhabite influences in the early twentieth century. From Rida onward, the "Salafism" of al-Afghani and 'Abduh became increasingly Athari-Wahhabite in nature, as it remains today. Section: 'Muhammad Rashid Rida: Taking the Modernist-Salafiya Movement Toward Conservatism' "Under Rida Islamic reformism took a more conservative turn.. Despite Rida's commitment to Islamic reform and the important role of al-Manar, his modernism gave way to an increasing conservatism after WWI..... Rida became increasingly literalist in his understanding of the driving force behind the Salafiyya movement.... his later salaforientation was closer to the approach of contemporary groups that go under the banner of Salafism than to that of `Abduh." Olidort, Jacob (2015). Rashīd Riḍā presented these core ideas of Traditionalist Salafism, especially the purported interest in ḥadīth of the early generations of Muslims, as a remedy for correcting Islamic practice and belief during his time. "Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World" . Pace International Law Review Online Companion . 3 (10). Rida was motivated by celebrated revivalist influences – the doctrine of the conservative Sunni Hanabali school, Ibn Taymiyya, and the Wahabbi movement – and became increasingly Islamist throughout his lifetime.... Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798-1939 . The suspicion of Sufism... was one of the factors which in later years was to draw him nearer to the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya and the practices of Wahhabism... Islamic exceptionalism: how the struggle over Islam is reshaping the world . The basic premise of Islamism was that Islam was the natural, authentic setting for all believing Muslims. In Rashid Rida's words, it was "the religion of innate disposition." In that sense, Islamism... was meant to resolve the problem of ideology. "Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World" . Pace International Law Review Online Companion . 3 (10). Rida... became increasingly Islamist throughout his lifetime....Rida's views against modernity added a strong anti-Western element to the Islamist ideology, and were reinforced by the Muslim Brotherhood and other like-minded organizations with a greater intensity... The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture . Age of Anger: A History of the Present . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . "The past ten day Salafi led unrest..." World-News-Research. 2012-09-21. Ridä's intellectual career symbolizes in some ways the political failure of the whole Islamic modernist movement. Without any particular shifts in doctrine his position evolved,.. from that of liberal reformer to radical fundamentalist to orthodox conservative. Rashid Rida during the later years of his life, made a dramatic shift towards Wahhabism and grew closer to the Wahhabis and their ideational approach. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . Rashid Rida was... one of the most influential scholars and jurists of his generation. Muhammad Rashīd Riḍā was one of the most prominent religious scholars of Sunni Islam in the first third of the twentieth century... The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives . The development of Rida's thought brought him closer to the Puritanical doctrine known as Hanbalism and especially to that of its Wahhabi adherents,.. Rida's fundamentalist turn manifested itself above all in his defence of the Wahhabis.. In his articles he tirelessly reiterated- .. that the Wahhabis were the best Muslims Mouline, Nabil (2014). After the fall of the Caliphate in 1924, Rida.. promoted Hanbali-Wahhabism. A Concise History of the Arabs . Rida's endorsement of Wahhabism was a major factor in the spread of its influence.. It was also one of the reasons why he has been described as advocating return to a medieval, sectarian past... The most glaring example of such developments and differences of opinion is Rashid Rida's transformation in the last phase of his life into a spokesman for the Wahhabi movement in the Arabian Peninsula... The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab . He was a strong supporter of ibn Taimiyyah—publishing his works—as well as of the scholars of Najd.... Through his magazine, al-Manaar, Muhammad Rasheed Ridha greatly contributed to the spread of ibn Abdul-Wahhaab's teachings in the whole Muslim world. His writings,... also expressed traditional Salafi theological and legal positions.. Muhammad Rashid Ridda (1865-1935), ... later on became more aligned with Wahhabi Salafism..." "A number of historians regard him as pivotal in leading Salafism's retreat from Sheikh Mohammad Abduh's school of thought. "From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West" .

Salafi reformist scholar and theologian (1865–1935) Sayyid Muhammad Rashīd Rida Al-Hussaini ( Arabic : سيد محمد رشيد رضا الحسيني , romanized : Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā ; 1865 – 22 August 1935) was an Islamic scholar , reformer , theologian and revivalist . An early Salafist , Rida called for the revival of hadith studies and, as a theoretician of an Islamic state , condemned the rising currents of secularism and nationalism across the Islamic world following the abolition of the Ottoman sultanate . He championed a global pan-Islamist program aimed at re-establishing an Islamic caliphate . As a young hadith student who studied al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyya , Rida believed reform was necessary to save the Muslim communities, eliminate Sufist practices he considered heretical, and initiate an Islamic renewal . He left Syria to work with Abduh in Cairo , where he was influenced by Abduh's Islamic Modernist movement and began publishing al-Manar in 1898. Through al-Manar's popularity across the Islamic World , Rida became one of the most influential Sunni jurists of his generation, leading the Arab Salafi movement and championing its cause. He was Abduh's de facto successor and was responsible for a split in Abduh's disciples into one group rooted in modernism and secularism and the other in the revival of Islam. Salafism , also known as Salafiyya , which sought the "Islamization of modernity," emerged from the latter. During the 1900s Rida abandoned his initial rationalist leanings and began espousing Salafi-oriented methodologies such as that of Ahl-i Hadith . He later supported the Wahhabi movement , revived works by ibn Taymiyyah , and shifted the Salafism movement into a more conservative and strict Scripturalist approach. He is regarded by a number of historians as "pivotal in leading Salafism's retreat" from the rationalist school of Abduh. He strongly opposed liberalism, Western ideas, freemasonry , Zionism , and European imperialism , and supported armed Jihad to expel European influences from the Islamic World. He also laid the foundations for anti-Western , pan-Islamist struggle during the early 20th century. Social and Cultural Studies . 5 (2). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt . Albānī's son 'Abd Allāh calls Rashīd Riḍā muḥaddith Miṣr ("the ḥadīth scholar of Egypt")... Although he was a Shāfiʿī, Riḍā defended the Ḥanbalī Wahhābīs. He rejected the ulema unquestioning imitation of their medieval predecessors (taqlid), and the practice of blindly following a particular school of jurisprudence (madhhab). (Rida)... claimed to be Salafi in creed and relied more heavily on transmitted knowledge (naql) than did Muhammad Abduh. Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam . This shift was most pronounced in the person of Rashid Rida (d. 1935), once a close student of 'Abduh, who increasingly moved to rigid Athari thought under Wahhabite influences in the early twentieth century. From Rida onward, the "Salafism" of al-Afghani and 'Abduh became increasingly Athari-Wahhabite in nature, as it remains today. "From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West" . "Racio-national Imaginary and Discursive Formation of Arabo-Islamic Identity in al-Manār and al-Risālah: A Topic Modeling Study" . Section: 'Muhammad Rashid Rida: Taking the Modernist-Salafiya Movement Toward Conservatism' "Under Rida Islamic reformism took a more conservative turn.. Despite Rida's commitment to Islamic reform and the important role of al-Manar, his modernism gave way to an increasing conservatism after WWI..... Rida became increasingly literalist in his understanding of the driving force behind the Salafiyya movement.... his later salaforientation was closer to the approach of contemporary groups that go under the banner of Salafism than to that of `Abduh." Olidort, Jacob (2015). Rashīd Riḍā presented these core ideas of Traditionalist Salafism, especially the purported interest in ḥadīth of the early generations of Muslims, as a remedy for correcting Islamic practice and belief during his time. "Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World" . Pace International Law Review Online Companion . 3 (10). Rida was motivated by celebrated revivalist influences – the doctrine of the conservative Sunni Hanabali school, Ibn Taymiyya, and the Wahabbi movement – and became increasingly Islamist throughout his lifetime.... Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age: 1798–1939 . The suspicion of Sufism... was one of the factors which in later years was to draw him nearer to the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya and the practices of Wahhabism... Islamic exceptionalism: how the struggle over Islam is reshaping the world . The basic premise of Islamism was that Islam was the natural, authentic setting for all believing Muslims. In Rashid Rida's words, it was "the religion of innate disposition." In that sense, Islamism... was meant to resolve the problem of ideology. "Islamic History & Al-Qaeda: A Primer to Understanding the Rise of Islamist Movements in the Modern World" . Pace International Law Review Online Companion . 3 (10). Rida... became increasingly Islamist throughout his lifetime....Rida's views against modernity added a strong anti-Western element to the Islamist ideology, and were reinforced by the Muslim Brotherhood and other like-minded organizations with a greater intensity... The Cambridge Companion to Modern Arab Culture . Age of Anger: A History of the Present . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . "The past ten day Salafi led unrest..." World-News-Research. 2012-09-21. Ridä's intellectual career symbolizes in some ways the political failure of the whole Islamic modernist movement. Without any particular shifts in doctrine his position evolved,.. from that of liberal reformer to radical fundamentalist to orthodox conservative. Rashid Rida during the later years of his life, made a dramatic shift towards Wahhabism and grew closer to the Wahhabis and their ideational approach. Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . Rashid Rida was ... one of the most influential scholars and jurists of his generation. Muhammad Rashīd Riḍā was one of the most prominent religious scholars of Sunni Islam in the first third of the twentieth century... The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives . The development of Rida's thought brought him closer to the Puritanical doctrine known as Hanbalism and especially to that of its Wahhabi adherents,.. Rida's fundamentalist turn manifested itself above all in his defence of the Wahhabis.. In his articles he tirelessly reiterated- .. that the Wahhabis were the best Muslims Mouline, Nabil (2014). After the fall of the Caliphate in 1924, Rida.. promoted Hanbali-Wahhabism. A Concise History of the Arabs . Rida's endorsement of Wahhabism was a major factor in the spread of its influence.. It was also one of the reasons why he has been described as advocating return to a medieval, sectarian past... The most glaring example of such developments and differences of opinion is Rashid Rida's transformation in the last phase of his life into a spokesman for the Wahhabi movement in the Arabian Peninsula... The Life, Teachings and Influence of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab . He was a strong supporter of ibn Taimiyyah—publishing his works—as well as of the scholars of Najd.... Through his magazine, al-Manaar, Muhammad Rasheed Ridha greatly contributed to the spread of ibn Abdul-Wahhaab's teachings in the whole Muslim world. His writings,... also expressed traditional Salafi theological and legal positions.. Muhammad Rashid Ridda (1865-1935), ... later on became more aligned with Wahhabi Salafism..." "A number of historians regard him as pivotal in leading Salafism's retreat from Sheikh Mohammad Abduh's school of thought. "From the Dreyfus Affair to Zionism in Palestine: Rashid Riḍā's Views of Jews in Relation to the 'Christian' Colonial West" .