Rohingya people

Ethnic group The Rohingya ( ) is a Muslim ethnic group of the Northern Arakan State of Western Burma (also known as Myanmar ). The Rohingya population is mostly concentrated in two bordering townships of Arakan to Bangladesh, namely Maungdaw and Buthidaung, and is spread in three townships of Akyab, Rathedung and Kyauktaw.

Ethnic group The Rohingya people ( Ruáingga /ɾuájŋɡa/ , rui hang ja /ɹòhɪ̀ɴd͡ʑà/ , Rohingga /ɹohiŋɡa/ ) are Indo-Aryan peoples from the Rakhine State , Burma , who speak the Rohingya language . According to Rohingyas and some international scholars, they are indigenous to Rakhine State, while the Burmese historians claim that they migrated to Burma from Bengal primarily during the period of British rule in Burma , and to a lesser extent, after the Burmese independence in 1948 and Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. Muslims have settled in Rakhine State (also known as Arakan) since the 16th century, although the number of Muslim settlers before the British rule is unclear. In his 1799 article “A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire,” Hamilton stated: "I shall now add three dialects, spoken in the Burma Empire, but evidently derived from the language of the Hindu nation. The first is that spoken by the Mohammedans , who have long settled in Arakan , and who call themselves Rooinga , or natives of Arakan ." After the first Anglo-Burmese War in 1826, British annexed Arakan and encouraged migrations from Bengal to work as farm laborers. The Muslim population may have constituted 5% of Arakan's population by 1869, although estimates for earlier years give higher numbers. Successive British censuses of 1872 and 1911 recorded an increase in Muslim population from 58,255 to 178,647 in Akyab District. During World War II, the Rakhine State massacre in 1942 involved communal violence between British-armed V Force Rohingya recruits and Buddhist Rakhine people and the region became increasingly ethnically polarized. In 1982, General Ne Win 's government enacted the Burmese nationality law , which denied Rohingya citizenship. Since the 1990s, the term "Rohingya" has increased in usage among Rohingya communities. As of 2013, about 1.3 million Rohingyas live in Burma. They reside mainly in the northern Rakhine townships, where they form 80–98% of the population. International media and human rights organizations have often described Rohingyas as one of, if not the, most persecuted minorities in the world, while origin of that term with relation to the United Nations is still unclear. Many Rohingyas have fled to ghettos and refugee camps in neighbouring Bangladesh and to areas along the border with Thailand . More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Burma continue to live in camps for internally displaced persons , not allowed by authorities to leave. The Daily Star . 2 December 2014 . Language and National Identity in Asia . Minority Problems in Southeast Asia .

Ethnic minority in Myanmar "Rohingya" redirects here. Ethnic group The Rohingya people ( / r oʊ ˈ ɪ n dʒ ə , - h ɪ n -, - ɪ ŋ j ə / ) are a stateless Indo-Aryan ethnic group who predominantly follow Islam and reside in Rakhine State , Myanmar (previously known as Burma). There were an estimated 1 million Rohingya living in Myanmar before the 2016–17 crisis . Described by the United Nations in 2013 as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, the Rohingya population is denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law . They are also restricted from freedom of movement , state education and civil service jobs. The legal conditions faced by the Rohingya in Myanmar have been widely compared to apartheid by many international academics, analysts and political figures, including Nobel laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu , a South African anti-apartheid activist . The Rohingya maintain they are indigenous to western Myanmar with a heritage of over a millennium and influence from the Arabs , Mughals and Portuguese . The community claims it is descended from people in precolonial Arakan and colonial Arakan ; historically, the region was an independent kingdom between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent . The position of the Myanmar government is that Rohingyas are not a national "indigenous race", but are illegal immigrants from neighbouring Bangladesh. It argues that the Muslims of precolonial times are now recognized as Kameins and that the Rohingya conflate their history with the history of all Muslims in Arakan to advance a separatist agenda. In addition, Myanmar's government does not recognize the term "Rohingya" and prefers to refer to the community as " Bangali " in a pejorative manner. Rohingya campaign groups, notably the Arakan Rohingya National Organization , demand the right to " self-determination within Myanmar". Various armed insurrections by the Rohingya have taken place since the 1940s and the population as a whole has faced military crackdowns in 1978 , 1991–1992 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016–2017 and particularly in 2017–2018 , when most of the Rohingya population of Myanmar was driven out of the country, into neighboring Bangladesh. By December 2017, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, had crossed the border into Bangladesh since August 2017. UN officials and Human Rights Watch have described Myanmar's persecution of the Rohingya as ethnic cleansing . The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community... could amount to crimes against humanity ", and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide . Probes by the UN have found evidence of increasing incitement of hatred and religious intolerance by "ultra-nationalist Buddhists" against Rohingyas while the Myanmar security forces have been conducting "summary executions, enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture and ill-treatment, and forced labour " against the community. Before the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis and the military crackdown in 2016 and 2017 , the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.0 to 1.3 million, chiefly in the northern Rakhine townships, which were 80–98% Rohingya. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to south-eastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries, and major Muslim nations. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons . Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces on 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state that, according to NGOs, the Bangladeshi government and international news media, left many dead, many more injured, tortured or raped, with villages burned. The government of Myanmar has denied the allegations. Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya take to the seas . "WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season" . "Myanmar refugees, including Muslim Rohingya, outpace Syrian arrivals in U.S." Reuters . "Australia has an obligation to the Rohingya people: So why is the federal government prevaricating?" . "200 Rohingya Refugees are not being accepted as Refugees and the Nepali Government considers them illegal migrants" . An estimated 36,000 Rohingya Refugess living in India "200 'We have the right to exist': Rohingya refugees call for intervention in Myanmar" . The Stateless Rohinga . 12 June 2017 . "Who are Rohingya" . nationalgeographic . Council on Foreign Relations . "Aung San Suu Kyi 'should have resigned' over Rohingya Muslim genocide, says UN human rights chief" . The Independent . 30 August 2018 . Language and National Identity in Asia . The New York Times . Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia . The Christian Science Monitor . 2 June 2013 . The Wire . 5 September 2017 . "UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmar’s Rakhine state" , 7 April 2014, United Nations News Centre. Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma): Report of the Commission of Inquiry... Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them. The Guardian . 20 December 2012 . The 'clearance operations' started before 25 August 2017, and as early as the beginning of August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across northern Rakhine State has led to a mass exodus of more than 500,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh. The testimonies gathered by OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces and the Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings against the Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse based on their religion, language and culture and ethnic identity. There are indications that violence is still ongoing at the time of writing this report.

Indo-Aryan ethnic group of western Myanmar "Rohingya" redirects here. Ethnic group The Rohingya people ( / r oʊ ˈ h ɪ n dʒ ə , - ɪ ŋ j ə / ; Rohingya : 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 , IPA: [rʊˈɜi̯ɲ.ɟə] ) are a stateless Indo-Aryan ethnic group who predominantly follow Islam and reside in Rakhine State , Myanmar . Before the Rohingya genocide in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an estimated 1.4 million Rohingya lived in Myanmar. Described by journalists and news outlets as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, the Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law . There are also restrictions on their freedom of movement , access to state education and civil service jobs. The legal conditions faced by the Rohingya in Myanmar have been compared to apartheid by some academics, analysts and political figures, including Nobel laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu , a South African anti-apartheid activist . The most recent mass displacement of Rohingya in 2017 led the International Criminal Court to investigate crimes against humanity, and the International Court of Justice to investigate genocide . The Rohingya maintain they are indigenous to western Myanmar with a heritage of over a millennium and influence from the Arabs , Mughals , and Portuguese . The community claims it is descended from people in precolonial Arakan and colonial Arakan ; historically, the region was an independent kingdom between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent . The Myanmar government considers the Rohingya as British colonial and postcolonial migrants from neighbouring Chittagong/East Bengal respectively Bangladesh. It argues that a distinct precolonial Muslim population is recognized as Kaman , and that the Rohingya conflate their history with the history of Arakan Muslims in general to advance a separatist agenda. In addition, Myanmar's government does not recognise the term "Rohingya" and prefers to refer to the community as " Bengali ". Rohingya campaign groups and human rights organizations demand the right to " self-determination within Myanmar". Various armed insurrections by the Rohingya have taken place since the 1940s and the population as a whole has faced military crackdowns in 1978 , 1991–1992 , 2012 , 2015 , and particularly in 2016–2018 , when most of the Rohingya population of Myanmar was driven out of the country, into neighbouring Bangladesh. By December 2017, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, had crossed the border into Bangladesh since August 2017. UN officials and Human Rights Watch have described Myanmar's persecution of the Rohingya as ethnic cleansing . The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community... could amount to crimes against humanity ", and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide . Probes by the UN have found evidence of increasing incitement of hatred and religious intolerance by "ultra-nationalist Buddhists" against Rohingyas while the Myanmar security forces have been conducting " summary executions , enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture and ill-treatment, and forced labour " against the community. Before the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis and the military crackdown in 2016 and 2017 , the Rohingya population in Myanmar was close to 1.4 million, chiefly in the northern Rakhine townships, which were 80–98% Rohingya. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to south-eastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries, and major Muslim nations. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons . Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces on 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state that, according to NGOs, the Bangladeshi government and international news media, left many dead, and many more injured, tortured or raped, with villages burned. The government of Myanmar has denied the allegations. Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya take to the seas . "WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season" . The Straits Times . 16 September 2019 . "Myanmar refugees, including Muslim Rohingya, outpace Syrian arrivals in U.S." Reuters . "Australia has an obligation to the Rohingya people: So why is the federal government prevaricating?" . "旅居瑞丽的缅甸罗兴伽人生存策略探析" [Research on Survival Strategy of Myanmar's Rohingya in Ruili]. "200 Rohingya Refugees are not being accepted as Refugees and the Nepali Government considers them illegal migrants" . An estimated 36,000 Rohingya Refugess living in India "200 'We have the right to exist': Rohingya refugees call for intervention in Myanmar" . The Stateless Rohinga . 12 June 2017 . Council on Foreign Relations . "Aung San Suu Kyi 'should have resigned' over Rohingya Muslim genocide, says UN human rights chief" . Language and National Identity in Asia . The New York Times . Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia . The Christian Science Monitor . 2 June 2013 . "U.N. calls for Myanmar generals to be tried for genocide, blames Facebook for incitement," 27 August 2018, Reuters News Service . "Myanmar Rohingya: UN says military leaders must face genocide charges" , 27 August 2018, BBC News . The Wire . 5 September 2017 . "UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmar’s Rakhine state" , 7 April 2014, United Nations News Centre. Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma): Report of the Commission of Inquiry... Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them. The Guardian . 20 December 2012 . The 'clearance operations' started before 25 August 2017, and as early as the beginning of August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across northern Rakhine State has led to a mass exodus of more than 500,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh. The testimonies gathered by OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces and the Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings against the Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse based on their religion, language and culture and ethnic identity. There are indications that violence is still ongoing at the time of writing this report.

Indo-Aryan ethnic group of western Myanmar "Rohingya" redirects here. Ethnic group The Rohingya people ( / r oʊ ˈ h ɪ n dʒ ə , - ɪ ŋ j ə / ; Rohingya : 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 , romanized: ruáingga ; IPA: [rʊˈɜi̯ɲ.ɟə] ) are a stateless Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who predominantly follow Islam from Rakhine State , Myanmar . Before the Rohingya genocide in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an estimated 1.4 million Rohingya lived in Myanmar. Described by journalists and news outlets as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, the Rohingya are denied citizenship under the 1982 Myanmar nationality law . There are also restrictions on their freedom of movement , access to state education and civil service jobs. The legal conditions faced by the Rohingya in Myanmar have been compared to apartheid by some academics, analysts and political figures, including Nobel laureate Bishop Desmond Tutu , a South African anti-apartheid activist . The most recent mass displacement of Rohingya in 2017 led the International Criminal Court to investigate crimes against humanity, and the International Court of Justice to investigate in the genocide . The Rohingya maintain they are indigenous to western Myanmar with a heritage of over a millennium and influence from the Arabs , Mughals , and Portuguese . The community claims it is descended from people in precolonial Arakan and colonial Arakan ; historically, the region was an independent kingdom between Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent . The Myanmar government considers the Rohingya as British colonial and postcolonial migrants from Chittagong in Bangladesh. It argues that a distinct precolonial Muslim population is recognized as Kaman , and that the Rohingya conflate their history with the history of Arakan Muslims in general to advance a separatist agenda. In addition, Myanmar's government does not recognise the term "Rohingya" and prefers to refer to the community as " Bengali ". Rohingya campaign groups and human rights organizations demand the right to " self-determination within Myanmar". Various armed insurrections by the Rohingya have taken place since the 1940s and the population as a whole has faced military crackdowns in 1978 , 1991–1992 , 2012 , 2015 , and particularly in 2016–2018 , when most of the Rohingya population of Myanmar was driven out of the country, into neighbouring Bangladesh. By December 2017, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, had crossed the border into Bangladesh since August 2017. UN officials and Human Rights Watch have described Myanmar's persecution of the Rohingya as ethnic cleansing . The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community... could amount to crimes against humanity ", and there have been warnings of an unfolding genocide . Probes by the UN have found evidence of increasing incitement of hatred and religious intolerance by "ultra-nationalist Buddhists" against Rohingyas while the Myanmar security forces have been conducting " summary executions , enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture and ill-treatment, and forced labour " against the community. Before the 2015 Rohingya refugee crisis and the military crackdown in 2016 and 2017 , the Rohingya population in Myanmar was close to 1.4 million, chiefly in the northern Rakhine townships, which were 80–98% Rohingya. Since 2015, over 900,000 Rohingya refugees have fled to south-eastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries, and major Muslim nations. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for internally displaced persons . Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces on 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state that, according to NGOs, the Bangladeshi government and international news media, left many dead, and many more injured, tortured or raped, with villages burned. The government of Myanmar has denied the allegations. Perilous Plight: Burma's Rohingya take to the seas . "UN and partners seek $934.5m for life-saving aid to 1.5 million Rohingya refugees and their hosts in Bangladesh" . The Daily Star Bangla . Radio Free Asia . 9 May 2024 . The Hindu . 19 October 2017 . UN agency, Rohingya refugees allege Indian authorities cast dozens of them into the sea near Myanmar . Modern Genocide: Analyzing the Controversies and Issues . "Aung San Suu Kyi 'should have resigned' over Rohingya Muslim genocide, says UN human rights chief" . Language and National Identity in Asia . The New York Times (Opinion). Migrants, Refugees and the Stateless in South Asia . "U.N. calls for Myanmar generals to be tried for genocide, blames Facebook for incitement," 27 August 2018, Reuters News Service . "Myanmar Rohingya: UN says military leaders must face genocide charges" , 27 August 2018, BBC News . The Wire . 5 September 2017 . "UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmar’s Rakhine state" , 7 April 2014, United Nations News Centre. Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma): Report of the Commission of Inquiry... Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them. The Guardian . 20 December 2012 . The 'clearance operations' started before 25 August 2017, and as early as the beginning of August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across northern Rakhine State has led to a mass exodus of more than 500,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh. The testimonies gathered by OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces and the Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings against the Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse based on their religion, language and culture and ethnic identity. There are indications that violence is still ongoing at the time of writing this report.