Kitos War

Unknown deaths in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Judea, and Syria. ? The Kitos War ( 115 – 117 ) ( : mered ha'galuyot or mered ha'tfutzot (מרד התפוצות), translation: Rebellion of the exile) is the name given to the second of the Jewish-Roman wars . Major revolts by diasporic Jews in Cyrene (Cyrenaica) , Cyprus , Mesopotamia and Aegyptus spiralled out of control resulting in a wide spread slaughter of Roman citizens and others by the Jewish rebels. The rebellions were finally crushed by Roman legionary forces, chiefly by the Roman general Lusius Quietus , whose nomen later gave the conflict its title, as "Kitos" is a later corruption of Quietus.

The Kitos War (115–117) ( : mered ha'galuyot or mered ha'tfutzot (מרד התפוצות); translation: rebellion of the diaspora) occurred during the period of the Jewish–Roman wars , 66-135. While the majority of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire , major uprisings by ethnic Judeans in Cyrene, Libya , Cyprus and Egypt spiraled out of control, resulting in a widespread slaughter of left behind Roman garrisons and Roman citizens by Jewish rebels. Some of the areas with the heaviest massacres were left so utterly annihilated that others were made to settle these areas to prevent the absence of any remaining presence. The rebellions were finally crushed by Roman legionary forces, chiefly by the Roman general Lusius Quietus , whose nomen later gave the conflict its title, as "Kitos" is a later corruption of Quietus.

The Kitos War (115–117; : mered ha'galuyot or mered ha'tfutzot [מרד התפוצות]; translation: rebellion of the diaspora. ) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars , 66–136. The rebellions erupted in the year 115, when a majority of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire . Major uprisings by ethnic Judeans in Cyrenaica , Cyprus and Egypt spiraled out of control, resulting in a widespread slaughter of left-behind Roman garrisons and Roman citizens by Jewish rebels. The Jewish rebellions were finally crushed by Roman legionary forces, chiefly by the Roman general Lusius Quietus , whose nomen later gave the conflict its title, as "Kitos" is a later corruption of Quietus. Some were left so utterly annihilated that Romans moved in to settle these areas to prevent their complete depopulation. The Jewish leader, Lukuas , fled to Judea. Marcius Turbo pursued him and sentenced to death the brothers Julian and Pappus, who had been key leaders in the rebellion. Lusius Quietus, the conqueror of the Jews of Mesopotamia, was now in command of the Roman army in Judea, and laid siege to Lydda , where the rebel Jews had gathered under the leadership of Julian and Pappus. Lydda was next taken and many of the rebellious Jews were executed; the "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the Talmud. The rebel leaders Pappus and Julian were among those executed by the Romans in the same year. The situation in Judea remained tense for the Romans, who were obliged under Hadrian to permanently move the Legio VI Ferrata into Caesarea Maritima in Judea. A History of the Jewish people .

Second Jewish–Roman War (115–117) Belligerents Roman Empire Jewish / Judean zealots Commanders and leaders Emperor Trajan Marcius Turbo Lusius Quietus Lukuas (Andreas) Julianus Pappus Artemio Casualties and losses Cassius Dio: 460,000+ Roman subjects (largely Roman Greeks ) were killed in Cyrene and Cyprus alone Unknown numbers in Aegyptus , Libya and the rest of the Eastern Mediterranean 200,000 dead Jewish communities of Cyprus, Cyrene and possibly others completely depopulated and permanently expelled to the eastern edges of the Empire (mainly Judea ) The Kitos War (115–117; , or מרד התפוצות mered ha-tfutzot ; "rebellion of the diaspora" ) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars (66–136). The rebellions erupted in 115 when most of the Roman armies were fighting Trajan's Parthian War on the eastern border of the Roman Empire . Major uprisings by Jews in Cyrenaica , Cyprus and Egypt spiralled out of control, resulting in a widespread slaughter of the remaining Roman garrisons and Roman citizens by Jewish rebels. The Jewish rebellions were finally crushed by the Roman legions , chiefly by the Roman general Lusius Quietus , whose nomen later gave the conflict its title, as Kitos is a later corruption of Quietus . Some localities were left so utterly annihilated that Romans moved in to settle the areas to prevent their complete depopulation. The Jewish leader, Lukuas , fled to Judea. Marcius Turbo pursued him and sentenced to death the brothers Julian and Pappus, who had been key leaders in the rebellion. Lusius Quietus, the conqueror of the Jews of Mesopotamia, was now in command of the Roman army in Judea and laid siege to Lydda , where the rebel Jews had gathered under the leadership of Julian and Pappus. Lydda was next taken, and many of the rebellious Jews were executed. The "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the Talmud . The rebel leaders Pappus and Julian were among those who were executed by the Romans that year. The situation in Judea remained tense for the Romans, who were obliged under Hadrian to move the Legio VI Ferrata permanently into Caesarea Maritima in Judea. A History of the Jewish people .

Part of the Second Jewish–Roman War This article is about the Jewish uprising in Judaea. Unknown deaths in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Judea, and Syria. Destruction and displacement of Jewish communities in North Africa, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, and Egypt The Kitos War took place from 116 to 118, as part of the Second Jewish–Roman War . Ancient Jewish sources date it to 52 years after the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73) and 16 years before the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136). Like other conflicts of the Jewish–Roman wars , the Kitos War was spurred by discontent among the Jews towards the Roman Empire . This sentiment, which most likely intensified significantly in the wake of the Roman destruction of the Second Temple in 70, had triggered another series of major Jewish uprisings throughout Judaea and the rest of the Near East , including Egypt , Libya , Cyprus , and Mesopotamia . Following the suppression of the Mesopotamian Jewish revolt, the Roman emperor Trajan appointed his general Lusius Quietus (also known as Kitos) as consul and governor of Judaea. Late Syriac -language sources suggest that Jewish rebels from Egypt and Libya relocated to Judaea, but were defeated there by the Roman army . However, the reliability of these sources is debated, and modern scholarship remains cautious with the lack of confirmation from the Greco-Roman historians Cassius Dio and Eusebius , who were the main sources for the events of the Second Jewish–Roman War. A large number of Jews were executed by Roman troops besieging Lydda , where Jewish rebels had gathered under the leadership of brothers Julian and Pappus . These "slain of Lydda" are often mentioned in words of reverential praise in the Talmud . Although they had successfully put down numerous Jewish revolts, the Romans' situation in Judaea remained highly tense, prompting Trajan's successor Hadrian to permanently move Legio VI Ferrata into Caesarea Maritima . It started in a Jewish community in Cyrene. The rebels destroyed many Roman Temples, and killed both Greeks and Romans. The revolt spread to Alexandria and Cyprus, where thousands of citizens were killed, both Jew and Gentile. The rebellions were disordered mobs, rather than armies, however, and the engagements were riots rather than battles. The governor of Egypt used his legions to protect the unmolested cities, but relied on Trajan to send enough forces to put down the rebels. Trajan eventually raised an army to put down the rebellions in Cyrene and Alexandria, and at the same time, he tried to prevent more rebellions among Jews in his newly won Mesopotamia regions by proactively killing Jews in some of the major cities in the region before they had a chance to rebel. The loss of life during these rebellions was terrific, especially in North Africa, and many of the Jewish urban strongholds outside of Judea were destroyed. Histoire des Juifs, Troisième période, I - Chapitre III - Soulèvement des Judéens sous Trajan et Adrien Malamat, Abraham (1976). A History of the Jewish people . Ta'anit 66b There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).