The word “resistance” appeared 1 times in this article's opening at its peak in 2010. Today the opening carries none. 3 remain further down the article, where a reader arriving from a search result does not go.
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Machine-checked against the full current article on 2026-08-02. “resistance” appeared 1 times in this article's opening at its peak. Today the opening has none; the body has 3.
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The opening as it read in 2010
Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I was a series of battles which took place in the Sinai Peninsula , Ottoman Palestine , and Syria between 28 January, 1915 and 28 October, 1918. British , Indian , Australian , and New Zealand forces opposed the German and Turkish forces. 'From the moment that Turkey entered the war the winning of Egypt had been one of her prime objectives, and directly or indirectly her operations had encompassed that country on all sides, while secret agents perpetually sought to foment trouble from within. On the west, from the oases of the Libyan Desert, Arab tribes sustained by Turkish gold and munitions, and urged by their religion and an inborn love of raiding and looting, made repeated inroads along the coast and against the Nile Valley farther south. In the Soudan the feuds of past years were revived.' 'Initially, British objectives in the region focused almost exclusively on the security of Egypt and the international waterway running through it. Opened in 1869, the Suez Canal had become a vital artery of the British empire and an essential link between London and the Far East. The need to ensure that it remained open in all circumstances had caused Britain to take an increasing interest in the internal affairs of Egypt.' The Commander–in–Chief of the British Protectorate of Egypt, Major–General Sir John Maxwell describes his appointment and the situation in Egypt when he arrived – 'On August 29th, 1914 I was at the Headquarters of Marshal Joffre, at Vitry le Francois, where I received orders from Field–Marshall Earl Kitchener to proceed at once to Egypt and take over the command there. Somewhat disconcerted, I complied and arrived September 8th in that country. When I left France the French and British armies were in full retreat to the line of the Marne. Our little Army, after magnificent and strenuous resistance, had suffered terribly, and the question of reinforcements was paramount. It was, therefore, no surprise when, on my arrival in Egypt, I received orders to send every British soldier at once to England. I was informed that large forces were expected to be passing through the Suez Canal en route to Europe, and that a Territorial Division would be sent as soon as possible. The situation I found was by no means a pleasant one. The Turks were sitting on the fence, the Khedive Abbas was in Constantinople intriguing against us. The population of Egypt was some 12 millions, the great majority Moslems, in sympathy with their co–religionists the Turks; of the European population, the majority was Italian, Greek, German and Austrian, with a good proportion of Turks and Turko–Egyptians, Syrians and Armenians. The British and French were in a decided minority.' <ref.Powles, C. Guy, 'The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine' Volume III 'Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War' (Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin and Wellington: Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd, 1922) p. vii</ref> Maxwell 'had spent much of his military career in Egypt and the Sudan, first arriving there in 1882. A veteran of the Battle of Tel el Kebir that same year, he had served under Wolseley and later under Kitchener in the Gordon relief expedition (1885), in the reconquest of the Sudan (1898), and the South African war (1899–1902), he knew the country as well if not better than any of his army contemporaries.' R. The Campaign in Sinai and Palestine' Part II in Volume 1 'Gallipoli, Palestine and New Guinea' of A.1
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The opening as it stood in 2015 18 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
The Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought between the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire supported by the German Empire .It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915, and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria and Palestine .Fighting began in January 1915, when a German-led Ottoman force invaded the Sinai Peninsula , then part of the British Protectorate of Egypt , to unsuccessfully raid the Suez Canal .After the Gallipoli Campaign , veterans from each side formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and the Fourth Army in Palestine , to fight for the Sinai Peninsula in 1916.During this campaign the Anzac Mounted Division and the 52nd (Lowland) Division succeeded in pushing German -led Ottoman Army units out of the area, beginning with the Battle of Romani and pursuit in August, the Battle of Magdhaba in December, and in January 1917 the newly formed Desert Column completed the recapture of the Sinai at the Battle of Rafa .These three victories, resulting in the recapture of substantial Egyptian territory, were followed in March and April, by two EEF defeats on Ottoman Empire territory, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza in southern Palestine .After a period of stalemate in Southern Palestine from April to October 1917, General Edmund Allenby captured Beersheba defended by the III Corps (which had fought at Gallipoli).Having weakened the Ottoman defences which had stretched almost continually from Gaza to Beersheba, they were finally captured by 8 November, after the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe , the Battle of Hareira and Sheria and the Third Battle of Gaza , when the pursuit began.During the subsequent operations, about 50 miles (80 km) of formerly Ottoman territory, was captured as a result of the EEF victories at the Battle of Mughar Ridge , fought between 10 and 14 November, and the Battle of Jerusalem fought between 17 November and 30 December.Serious losses on the Western Front in March 1918 during Erich Ludendorff 's German Spring Offensive , forced the British Empire to send reinforcements from the EEF.During this time, two unsuccessful attacks were made to capture Amman and to capture Es Salt in March and April 1918, before Allenby's force resumed the offensive during the manoeuvre warfare of the Battle of Megiddo .The successful infantry battles at Tulkarm and Tabsor created gaps in the Ottoman front line, allowing the pursuing Desert Mounted Corps to encircle the infantry fighting in the Judean Hills and fight the Battle of Nazareth and Battle of Samakh , capturing Afulah, Beisan , Jenin and Tiberias .In the process the EEF destroyed three Ottoman armies during the Battle of Sharon , the Battle of Nablus and the Third Transjordan attack , capturing thousands of prisoners and large quantities of equipment.Damascus , and Aleppo were captured during the subsequent pursuit, before the Ottoman Empire agreed to the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, ending the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.The British Mandate of Palestine , and the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon were created to administer the captured territories.The campaign was generally not well known or understood during the war.The English people thought of it as a minor operation, a waste of precious resources which would be better spent on the Western Front, while the peoples of India were more interested in the Mesopotamian campaign and the occupation of Baghdad .Australia did not have a war correspondent in the area until Captain Frank Hurley , the first Australian Official Photographer, arrived in August 1917 after visiting the Western Front.Henry Gullett , the first Official War Correspondent, arrived in November 1917.The long-lasting effect of this campaign was the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , when France won the mandate for Syria and Lebanon , while the British Empire won the mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine .The Republic of Turkey came into existence in 1923 after the Turkish War of Independence ended the Ottoman Empire.The European mandates ended with the formation of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, the Lebanese Republic in 1943, the State of Israel in 1948, the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan in 1946, and the Syrian Arab Republic in 1946.The Last Battle of the Ottoman State on the Palestine Front , Ankara University [Institute for Modern Turkish History (Atatürk Yolu journal, number 45, 2010, page 59 (footnote 94))].
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 669510336.
The opening as it stood in 2020
The Sinai and Palestine campaign of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I was fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire , against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies. It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915, and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria . Fighting began in January 1915, when a German-led Ottoman force invaded the Sinai Peninsula , then part of the British Protectorate of Egypt , to unsuccessfully raid the Suez Canal . After the Gallipoli Campaign , British Empire veterans formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and Ottoman Empire veterans formed the Fourth Army , to fight for the Sinai Peninsula in 1916. During this campaign the Anzac Mounted Division and the 52nd (Lowland) Division succeeded in pushing Ottoman Army units out of the area, beginning with the Battle of Romani and pursuit in August, the Battle of Magdhaba in December, and in January 1917 the newly formed Desert Column completed the recapture of the Sinai at the Battle of Rafa . These three victories, resulting in the recapture of substantial Egyptian territory, were followed in March and April, by two EEF defeats on Ottoman territory, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza in southern Palestine . After a period of stalemate in Southern Palestine from April to October 1917, General Edmund Allenby captured Beersheba from the III Corps. The Ottoman defences were captured by 8 November, after the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe , the Battle of Hareira and Sheria and the Third Battle of Gaza . During the subsequent operations, about 50 miles (80 km) of formerly Ottoman territory was captured as a result of the EEF victories at the Battle of Mughar Ridge , fought between 10 and 14 November, and the Battle of Jerusalem , fought between 17 November and 30 December. Serious losses on the Western Front in March 1918, during Erich Ludendorff 's German Spring Offensive , forced the British Empire to send reinforcements from the EEF. During this time, two unsuccessful attacks were made to capture Amman and to capture Es Salt in March and April 1918, before Allenby's force resumed the offensive during the manoeuvre warfare of the Battle of Megiddo . The successful infantry battles at Tulkarm and Tabsor created gaps in the Ottoman front line, allowing the pursuing Desert Mounted Corps to encircle the infantry fighting in the Judean Hills and fight the Battle of Nazareth and Battle of Samakh , capturing Afulah, Beisan , Jenin and Tiberias . In the process the EEF destroyed three Ottoman armies during the Battle of Sharon , the Battle of Nablus and the Third Transjordan attack , capturing thousands of prisoners and large quantities of equipment. Damascus and Aleppo were captured during the subsequent pursuit, before the Ottoman Empire agreed to the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, ending the Sinai and Palestine campaign. The British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon were created to administer the captured territories. The campaign was generally not well known or understood during the war. The English people thought of it as a minor operation, a waste of precious resources which would be better spent on the Western Front, while the peoples of India were more interested in the Mesopotamian campaign and the occupation of Baghdad . Australia did not have a war correspondent in the area until Captain Frank Hurley , the first Australian Official Photographer, arrived in August 1917 after visiting the Western Front. Henry Gullett , the first Official War Correspondent, arrived in November 1917. The long-lasting effect of this campaign was the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , when France won the mandate for Syria and Lebanon , while the British Empire won the mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine . The Republic of Turkey came into existence in 1923 after the Turkish War of Independence ended the Ottoman Empire. The European mandates ended with the formation of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, the Lebanese Republic in 1943, the State of Israel in 1948, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan and Syrian Arab Republic in 1946. The Last Battle of the Ottoman State on the Palestine Front , Ankara University [Institute for Modern Turkish History (Atatürk Yolu journal, number 45, 2010, page 59 (footnote 94))]. POWs held by the end of the war are given as 5,703 officers and 96,133 other ranks, broken down by ethnicity.However that total also includes "over 3,000" Austro-German men and 206 Austro-German officers, which are listed below separately.Ottoman POWs alone would therefore be 5,497 officers and about 93,000 other ranks.Of these 8,000 were captured by the Arab insurgents under King Hussein.
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 963934623.
The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023 9 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
The Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I , taking place between January 1915 and October 1918.The British Empire , the French Third Republic , and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire , the German Empire , and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915 and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria . Fighting began in January 1915, when a German-led Ottoman force invaded the Sinai Peninsula , then occupied by the British as part of a "Protectorate" Protectorate of Egypt , to unsuccessfully raid the Suez Canal . After the Gallipoli campaign , British Empire veterans formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and Ottoman Empire veterans formed the Fourth Army , to fight for the Sinai Peninsula in 1916. In January 1917 the newly formed Desert Column completed the recapture of the Sinai at the Battle of Rafa . This recapture of substantial Egyptian territory was followed in March and April by two EEF defeats on Ottoman territory, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza in southern Palestine . After a period of stalemate in Southern Palestine from April to October 1917, General Edmund Allenby captured Beersheba from the III Corps. The Ottoman defences were captured by 8 November, and the pursuit began.EEF victories followed, at the Battle of Mughar Ridge , 10 to 14 November, and the Battle of Jerusalem , 17 November to 30 December. Serious losses on the Western Front in March 1918, during Erich Ludendorff 's German spring offensive , forced the British Empire to send reinforcements from the EEF. The advance stalled until Allenby's force resumed the offensive during the manoeuvre warfare of the Battle of Megiddo in September. The successful infantry battles at Tulkarm and Tabsor created gaps in the Ottoman front line, allowing the pursuing Desert Mounted Corps to encircle the infantry fighting in the Judean Hills and fight the Battle of Nazareth and Battle of Samakh , capturing Afulah, Beisan , Jenin and Tiberias . In the process the EEF destroyed three Ottoman armies during the Battle of Sharon , the Battle of Nablus and the Third Transjordan attack , capturing thousands of prisoners and large quantities of equipment. Damascus and Aleppo were captured during the subsequent pursuit, before the Ottoman Empire agreed to the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, ending the Sinai and Palestine campaign. The British Mandate of Palestine and the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon were created to administer the captured territories. The campaign was generally not well known or understood during the war. In Britain, the public thought of it as a minor operation, a waste of precious resources which would be better spent on the Western Front, while the peoples of India were more interested in the Mesopotamian campaign and the occupation of Baghdad . Australia did not have a war correspondent in the area until Captain Frank Hurley , the first Australian Official Photographer, arrived in August 1917 after visiting the Western Front. Henry Gullett , the first Official War Correspondent, arrived in November 1917. The long-lasting effect of this campaign was the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , when France won the mandate for Syria and Lebanon , while the British Empire won the mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine. The Republic of Turkey came into existence in 1923 after the Turkish War of Independence ended the Ottoman Empire. The European mandates ended with the formation of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, the Lebanese Republic in 1943, the State of Israel in 1948, and the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan and Syrian Arab Republic in 1946.
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1176562315.
The opening as it stood in 2025
The Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I , taking place between January 1915 and October 1918. The British Empire , the French Third Republic , and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revolt in opposition to the Ottoman Empire , the German Empire , and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It started with an Ottoman attempt at raiding the Suez Canal in 1915 and ended with the Armistice of Mudros in 1918, leading to the cession of Ottoman Syria . Fighting began in January 1915, when a German-led Ottoman force invaded the Sinai Peninsula , then occupied by the British as part of a Protectorate of Egypt , to unsuccessfully raid the Suez Canal . After the Gallipoli campaign , British Empire veterans formed the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) and Ottoman Empire veterans formed the Fourth Army , to fight for the Sinai Peninsula in 1916. In January 1917 the newly formed Desert Column completed the recapture of the Sinai at the Battle of Rafa . This recapture of substantial Egyptian territory was followed in March and April by two EEF defeats on Ottoman territory, at the First and Second Battles of Gaza in southern Palestine . After a period of stalemate in Southern Palestine from April to October 1917, General Edmund Allenby captured Beersheba from the III Corps. The Ottoman defences were captured by 8 November, and the pursuit began. EEF victories followed, at the Battle of Mughar Ridge , 10 to 14 November, and the Battle of Jerusalem , 17 November to 30 December. Serious losses on the Western Front in March 1918, during Erich Ludendorff 's German spring offensive , forced the British Empire to send reinforcements from the EEF. The advance stalled until Allenby's force resumed the offensive during the manoeuvre warfare of the Battle of Megiddo in September. The successful infantry battles at Tulkarm and Tabsor created gaps in the Ottoman front line, allowing the pursuing Desert Mounted Corps to encircle the infantry fighting in the Judean Hills and fight the Battle of Nazareth and Battle of Samakh , capturing Afulah, Beisan , Jenin and Tiberias . In the process the EEF destroyed three Ottoman armies during the Battle of Sharon , the Battle of Nablus and the Third Transjordan attack , capturing thousands of prisoners and large quantities of equipment. Damascus and Aleppo were captured during the subsequent pursuit, before the Ottoman Empire agreed to the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, ending the Sinai and Palestine campaign. The British Mandate of Palestine (1920-1948) and the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon were created to administer the captured territories. The campaign was generally not well known or understood during the war. In Britain, the public thought of it as a minor operation, a waste of precious resources which would be better spent on the Western Front, while the peoples of India were more interested in the Mesopotamian campaign and the occupation of Baghdad . Australia did not have a war correspondent in the area until Captain Frank Hurley , the first Australian Official Photographer, arrived in August 1917 after visiting the Western Front. Henry Gullett , the first Official War Correspondent, arrived in November 1917. The long-lasting effect of this campaign was the Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , when France won the mandate for Syria and Lebanon , while the British Empire won the mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine. The Republic of Turkey came into existence in 1923 after the Turkish War of Independence ended the Ottoman Empire. The European mandates ended with the formation of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, the Lebanese Republic in 1943, the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan and Syrian Arab Republic in 1946, and the State of Israel in 1948.
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