Timeline of the name Palestine

Further information: Time periods in the Palestine region and Names of the Levant § Philistia and Palestine A people called the P-r-s-t (conventionally Peleset ). From a graphic wall relief at Medinet Habu , c.1150 BCE, during the reign of Ramesses III . This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine , and cognates such as "Filastin" and "Palaestina", throughout the history of the region. The term " Peleset " ( transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t ) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . The first known mention is at the temple at Medinet Habu which refers to the Peleset among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III 's reign, and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue . Since 1822, scholars have connected the Egyptian "Peleset" inscriptions with the Biblical Philistines. The Assyrians called the land "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c.800 BCE through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later. The Ancient Israelites referred to the Philistines as "pelistim". The Assyrians called the same region "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c.800 BCE through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term. The Hebrew Bible identifies the land of the Philistines as a Pentapolis comprising five city-states— Gaza , Ashkelon , Ashdod , Ekron , and Gath , from Wadi Gaza in the south to the Yarqon River in the north, but with no fixed border to the east. The name "Palaestina" is believed to be a Greek cognate of Philistia, referring to the Philistines, though it could also be derived from the Pelasgians , an Aegean people identified with the Philistines. The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt was in 5th century BC Ancient Greece , when Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê " in The Histories , which included the Judean mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley . In the treatise Meteorology c.340 BCE, Aristotle wrote, " there is a lake in Palestine ". This is understood by scholars to be a reference to the Dead Sea . Later Greek writers such as Polemon and Pausanias also used the word, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid , Tibullus , Pomponius Mela , Pliny the Elder , Dio Chrysostom , Statius , Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus . Other writers, such as Strabo , referred to the region as Coele-Syria ("all Syria") around 10-20 CE. In 135 CE, the Greek " Syria Palaestina " was used in naming a new Roman province from the merger of Roman Syria and Roman Judaea after the Roman authorities crushed the Bar Kokhba Revolt . During the Byzantine period c.390, the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was reorganized into: Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda , and Palaestina Salutaris . Following the Muslim conquest , place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic. The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English , was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem . In the 20th century the name was used by the British to refer to " Mandatory Palestine ", a mandate from the former Ottoman Empire which had been divided in the Sykes–Picot Agreement . The term was later used in the eponymous " State of Palestine ". Both incorporated geographic regions from the land commonly known as Palestine , into a new state whose territory was named Palestine. People of the sea: the search for the Philistines , Trude Krakauer Dothan, Moshe Dothan, Macmillan, 1992, p22-23. Jean-François Champollion , in 1822, was the first to make this connection. The named reference "ehrlich" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian term "Pilistu" referred to "the East" in general. Jacobson 1999 : "The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century b.c., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt."..."The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the "whole land by the name of the coastal strip."..."It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense." The named reference "FOOTNOTEJacobson1999" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ). Jacobson 2001 : "As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century B.C.E., the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara Steven S. The Phoenicians and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians.... What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture." Elyahu Green, Geographic names of places in Israel in Herodotos This is confirmed by George Rawlinson in the third book (Thalia) of The Histories where Palaestinian Syrians are part of the fifth tax district spanning the territory from Phoenicia to the borders of Egypt, but excludes the kingdom of Arabs who were exempt from tax for providing the Assyrian army with water on its march to Egypt. These people had a large city called Cadytis, identified as Jerusalem.

Historical usage of Palestine as a place name Adriaan Reland 's 1712 Palaestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata (Palestine's Ancient Monuments Illustrated) contains an early description and timeline of the historical references to the name "Palestine." This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine as a place name in the Middle East throughout the history of the region, including its counterparts in other languages, such as Arabic Filasṭīn and Latin Palaestina . The term " Peleset " ( transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t ) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people, who are generally identified with the Philistines , or their land Philistia , starting from circa 1150 BCE during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . The first known mention is at the Medinet Habu temple which refers to the Peleset among those who fought against Egypt during Ramesses III 's reign, and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue . The Assyrians called the same region "Palashtu/Palastu" or "Pilistu," beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BCE through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term. The term "Palestine" first appeared in the 5th century BCE when the ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê " between Phoenicia and Egypt in The Histories . Herodotus provides the first historical reference clearly denoting a wider region than biblical Philistia, as he applied the term to both the coastal and the inland regions such as the Judean Mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley . Later Greek writers such as Aristotle , Polemon and Pausanias also used the word, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid , Tibullus , Pomponius Mela , Pliny the Elder , Dio Chrysostom , Statius , Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus . There is not currently evidence of the name on any Hellenistic coin or inscription. In the early 2nd century CE, the term " Syria Palaestina " (literally, "Palestinian Syria" ) was given to the Roman province of Judaea either before or after the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 . In around the year 390, during the Byzantine period , the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was then reorganized into Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda and Palaestina Salutaris . Following the Muslim conquest , place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic, and the Jund Filastin became one of the military districts within the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham . The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English , was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem . The term was used widely as a self-identification by Palestinians from the start of the 20th century onwards. In the 20th century the name was used by the British to refer to " Mandatory Palestine ," a territory from the former Ottoman Empire which had been divided in the Sykes–Picot Agreement and secured by Britain via the Mandate for Palestine obtained from the League of Nations . Starting from 2013, the term was officially used in the eponymous " State of Palestine ." Both incorporated geographic regions from the land commonly known as Palestine , into a new state whose territory was named Palestine. Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian term "Pilistu" referred to "the East" in general. Palaistinê Syria, or simply Palaistinê, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. • Martin Sicker (1999). The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained: By a Comparison with Those of Other Ancient Authors, and with Modern Geography ... The city of Jerusalem he names Cadytis, doubtless meant for the Arabian name Al Kads, the holy : in effect, a translation of the other. He says, Thalia, 5, " that it is a city belonging to the Syrians of Palestine; and in his opinion, equal to Sardis."” • Gösta Werner Ahlström; Gary Orin Rollefson; Diana Vikander Edelman (1993). Thus, there is a tradition from at least the fifth century BCE for the use of this name” • Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1925). The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day . Funk and Wagnalls. : “As early as Herodotus, who is followed by other classical writers, as Ptolemy and Pliny, the phrase Συρίε ἡ Παλαιστίνη (Syrian Palestine, Palestine of Syria) denotes both the littoral and the neighboring inland region (Judea and Palestine), as well as the entire interior as far as the Arabian desert” • Nur Masalha , The Concept of Palestine: The Conception Of Palestine from the Late Bronze Age to the Modern Period, Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, Volume 15 Issue 2, Page 143-202: “Herodotus uses the name accordingly and Aristotle, for example, used the term in a way that includes the regions of Transjordan, or 'Eastern Palestine', beyond the Jordan Rift Valley. Herodotus' conception of Palaistine included the Galilee and applied to Palestine in the wider sense.” Jacobson 1999 : "The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Tuell 1991 : Herodotus considered Abar-Nahara (his "fifth province") a maritime province. That this would be true of Cyprus and Phoenicia is self-evident. However, Herodotus claims the same distinction for Syri he Palaistine kaleomenj ("the part of Syria called Palestine," or "Palestinian Syria"). Hence, in both 3.5 and 3.91, as we have seen, he describes Palestine as a coastal strip. ... Herodotus apparently considered Palestine a coastal region. Hence, his description of the satrapy of Abar Nahara, which consisted largely of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria, as a strip of coastland is consistent with his view concerning the nature of Palestine expressed elsewhere. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (1st ed.). Nevertheless, it is important to note that despite its appearance in various literary texts of and pertaining to the Hellenistic period, the term "Palestine" is not found on any extant Hellenistic coin or inscription. In other words, there is no attestation for its use in an official context in the Hellenistic period. Even in the early Roman period its use was not especially widespread. "Palestine" did not come into official use until the early second century a.d., when the emperor Hadrian decided to rename the province of Judaea; for its new name he chose "Syria Palaestina."49 The new name took hold. It is found thereafter in inscriptions, on coins, and in numerous literary texts.50 Thus Arrian (7.9.8, Indica 43.1) and Appian (Syr. 50), who lived in the second century a.d., and Cassius Dio (e.g., 38.38.4, 39.56.6), who lived in the third, referred to the region as "Palestine." And in the rabbinic literature "Palestine" was used as the name of the Roman province adjacent to Phoenicia and Arabia (e.g., Bereshith Rabbah 90.6) Trevor Bryce, 2009, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia Roland de Vaux, 1978, The Early History of Israel , Page 2: "After the revolt of Bar Cochba in 135, the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Palestinian Syria." Isaac, Benjamin (2015-12-22). After the Bar Kokhba war, in the reign of Hadrian, the Roman province of Judaea was re-named Syria-Palaestina. Thus an appellation referring to an ethnic element associated with Jews was replaced by the purely geographic one: Syria-Palaestina. The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria Palaestina. The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

Adriaan Reland 's 1712 Palaestina ex Monumentis Veteribus Illustrata (Palestine's Ancient Monuments Illustrated) contains an early description and timeline of the historical references to the name "Palestine." This article presents a list of notable historical references to the name Palestine as a place name for the region of Palestine throughout history. This includes uses of the localized inflections in various languages, such as Arabic Filasṭīn and Latin Palaestina . A possible predecessor term, Peleset , is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people, starting from c. 1150 BCE during the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt . The word was transliterated from hieroglyphs as P-r-s-t . The first known mention of Peleset is at the temple of Ramesses in Medinet Habu , which refers to the Peleset among those who fought against Egypt during Ramesses III 's reign, and the last known is 300 years later on Padiiset's Statue . The Assyrians called the same region "Palashtu/Palastu" or "Pilistu," beginning with Adad-nirari III in the Nimrud Slab in c. 800 BCE through to an Esarhaddon treaty more than a century later. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term. Whilst these inscriptions are often identified with the Biblical Pəlīštīm , i.e. Philistines , the word means different things in different parts of the Bible. The 10 uses in the Torah have undefined boundaries and no meaningful description, and the usage in two later books describing coastal cities in conflict with the Israelites – where the Septuagint instead uses the term allophuloi ( Αλλόφυλοι , 'other nations') – has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land". The term Palestine first appeared in the 5th century BCE when the ancient Greek historian Herodotus wrote of a "district of Syria, called Palaistinê " between Phoenicia and Egypt in The Histories . Herodotus provides the first historical reference clearly denoting a wider region than biblical Philistia , as he applied the term to both the coastal and the inland regions such as the Judean Mountains and the Jordan Rift Valley . Later Greek writers such as Aristotle , Polemon and Pausanias also used the word, which was followed by Roman writers such as Ovid , Tibullus , Pomponius Mela , Pliny the Elder , Dio Chrysostom , Statius , Plutarch as well as Roman Judean writers Philo of Alexandria and Josephus . There is no evidence of the name on any Hellenistic coin or inscription. In the early 2nd century CE, the Roman province called Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina following the suppression of the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 CE), the last of the major Jewish–Roman wars . According to the prevailing scholarly view, the name change was a punitive measure aimed at severing the symbolic and historical connection between the Jewish people and the land. Unlike other Roman provincial renamings, this was a unique instance directly triggered by rebellion. Around the year 390, during the Byzantine period , the imperial province of Syria Palaestina was reorganized into Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda and Palaestina Salutaris . Following the Muslim conquest , place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic, and the Jund Filastin became one of the military districts within the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham . The use of the name "Palestine" became common in Early Modern English , and was used in English and Arabic during the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem . The term is recorded widely in print as a self-identification by Palestinians from the start of the 20th century onwards, coinciding with the period when the printing press first came into use by Palestinians. In the 20th century the name was used by the British to refer to " Mandatory Palestine ," a territory from the former Ottoman Empire which had been divided in the Sykes–Picot Agreement and secured by Britain via the Mandate for Palestine obtained from the League of Nations . Starting from 2013, the term was officially used in the eponymous " State of Palestine ." Both incorporated geographic regions from the land commonly known as Palestine , into a new state whose territory was named Palestine. Eberhard Schrader wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian term "Pilistu" referred to "the East" in general. Palaistinê Syria, or simply Palaistinê, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. • Martin Sicker (1999). The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained: By a Comparison with Those of Other Ancient Authors, and with Modern Geography ... The city of Jerusalem he names Cadytis, doubtless meant for the Arabian name Al Kads, the holy : in effect, a translation of the other. He says, Thalia, 5, " that it is a city belonging to the Syrians of Palestine; and in his opinion, equal to Sardis."" • Gösta Werner Ahlström; Gary Orin Rollefson; Diana Vikander Edelman (1993). Thus, there is a tradition from at least the fifth century BCE for the use of this name" • Isidore Singer; Cyrus Adler (1925). The Jewish encyclopedia: a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day . Funk and Wagnalls. : "As early as Herodotus, who is followed by other classical writers, as Ptolemy and Pliny, the phrase Συρίε ἡ Παλαιστίνη (Syrian Palestine, Palestine of Syria) denotes both the littoral and the neighboring inland region (Judea and Palestine), as well as the entire interior as far as the Arabian desert" • Nur Masalha , The Concept of Palestine: The Conception Of Palestine from the Late Bronze Age to the Modern Period, Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies, Volume 15 Issue 2, Page 143-202: "Herodotus uses the name accordingly and Aristotle, for example, used the term in a way that includes the regions of Transjordan, or 'Eastern Palestine', beyond the Jordan Rift Valley. Herodotus' conception of Palaistine included the Galilee and applied to Palestine in the wider sense." Jacobson 1999 : "The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Tuell 1991 : Herodotus considered Abar-Nahara (his "fifth province") a maritime province. That this would be true of Cyprus and Phoenicia is self-evident. However, Herodotus claims the same distinction for Syri he Palaistine kaleomenj ("the part of Syria called Palestine," or "Palestinian Syria"). Hence, in both 3.5 and 3.91, as we have seen, he describes Palestine as a coastal strip. ... Herodotus apparently considered Palestine a coastal region. Hence, his description of the satrapy of Abar Nahara, which consisted largely of Phoenicia and Palestinian Syria, as a strip of coastland is consistent with his view concerning the nature of Palestine expressed elsewhere. The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa (1st ed.). Nevertheless, it is important to note that despite its appearance in various literary texts of and pertaining to the Hellenistic period, the term "Palestine" is not found on any extant Hellenistic coin or inscription. In other words, there is no attestation for its use in an official context in the Hellenistic period. Even in the early Roman period its use was not especially widespread. "Palestine" did not come into official use until the early second century a.d., when the emperor Hadrian decided to rename the province of Judaea; for its new name he chose "Syria Palaestina."49 The new name took hold. It is found thereafter in inscriptions, on coins, and in numerous literary texts.50 Thus Arrian (7.9.8, Indica 43.1) and Appian (Syr. 50), who lived in the second century a.d., and Cassius Dio (e.g., 38.38.4, 39.56.6), who lived in the third, referred to the region as "Palestine." And in the rabbinic literature "Palestine" was used as the name of the Roman province adjacent to Phoenicia and Arabia (e.g., Bereshith Rabbah 90.6) Isaac, Benjamin (2015-12-22). After the Bar Kokhba war, in the reign of Hadrian, the Roman province of Judaea was re-named Syria-Palaestina. Thus an appellation referring to an ethnic element associated with Jews was replaced by the purely geographic one: Syria-Palaestina. The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces . In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria Palaestina. However, that Jewish writers such as Philo, in particular, and Josephus, who flourished while Judea was still formally in existence, used the name Palestine for the Land of Israel in their Greek works, suggests that this interpretation of history is mistaken. Hadrian's choice of Syria Palaestina may be more correctly seen as a rationalization of the name of the new province, in accordance with its area being far larger than geographical Judea. The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach . Department of Near Eastern Studies . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).