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Wikipedia's first sentence called it "founder of a muslim dynasty that ruled spain for nearly three centuries". Today it says "founder and first emir of the emirate of córdoba". We saved the article's opening at 6 moments between 2005 and 2025, and every claim links the exact revision.

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The opening as it read in 2005

Abd ar-Rahman I (ruled 756 - 788 ) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled Spain for nearly three centuries. He was a grandson of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik , the 10th Umayyad Caliph . When the Umayyads were overthrown in the East by the Abbasids he was a young man of about twenty years of age. together with his brother Yahya, he took refuge with Bedouin tribes in the desert. The Abbasids hunted their enemies down without mercy. Their soldiers overtook the brothers; Yahya was slain, and Abd-ar-rahman saved himself by fleeing first to Syria and thence to northern Africa , the common refuge of all who endeavoured to get beyond the reach of the Abbasids. In the general confusion of the caliphate produced by the change of dynasty, Africa had fallen into the hands of local rulers, formerly amirs or lieutenants of the Umayyad caliphs, but now aiming at independence. After a time Abd ar-Rahman found that his life was threatened, and he fled farther west, taking refuge among the Berber tribes of Mauritania. In the midst of all his perils, which read like stories from the Arabian Nights, Abd-ar-rahman had been encouraged by reliance on a prophecy of his great-uncle Maslama that he would restore the fortune of the family. He was followed in all his wanderings by a few faithful clients of the Umayyads. In 755 he was in hiding near Ceuta , and thence he sent an agent over to Spain to ask for the support of other clients of the family, descendants of the conquerors of Spain, who were numerous in the province of Elvira, the modern Granada . The country was in a state of confusion under the weak rule of the Emir Yusef, a mere puppet in the hands of a faction, and was torn by tribal dissensions among the Arabs and by race conflicts between the Arabs and Berbers. It offered Abd ar-Rahman the opportunity he had failed to find in Africa. On the invitation of his partisans he landed at Almunecar , to the east of Malaga , in September 755 . Yusef opened negotiations, and offered to give Abd-ar-rahman one of his daughters in marriage and a grant of land. This was far less than the prince meant to obtain, but he would probably have been forced to accept the offer for want of a better if the insolence of one of Yusef's messengers, a Spanish renegade, had not outraged a chief partisan of the Umayyad cause. He taunted this gentleman, Obeidullah by name, with being unable to write good Arabic. Under this provocation Obeidullah drew the sword. In the course of 756 a campaign was fought in the valley of the Guadalquivir , which ended, on May 16, in the defeat of Yusef outside Cordova . Abdar-rahman's army was so ill provided that he mounted almost the only good war-horse in it; he had no banner, and one was improvised by unwinding a green turban and binding it round the head of a spear. The turban and the spear became the banner of the Spanish Umayyads. The long reign of Abd ar Rahman I was spent in a struggle to reduce his anarchical Arab and Berber subjects to order. They had never meant to give themselves a master, and they chafed under his hand, which grew continually heavier. In 763 he was compelled to fight at the very gate of his capital with rebels acting on behalf of the Abbasids, and had won a signal victory, he cut off the heads of the leaders, filled them with salt and camphor and sent them as a defiance to the eastern caliph. In his final years, Abd ar-Rahman had to contend with a succession of palace conspiracies, which he repressed brutally. Nevertheless, the dynasty he founded secured Umayyad control of Spain until 1031 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh , ed. Cambridge University Press. : Missing or empty |title= ( help ) box two to one¹

This is Wikipedia's own text, saved in our repository. Their copy of it is revision 15901071.

The opening as it stood in 2010 27 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear

Statue of Abd ar-Rahman I. Abd ar-Rahman I (Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل; known as "the Immigrant", also the "Falcon of Andalus" or "The Falcon of the Quraish " ; 731 – 788) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba (755) , a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ). The Muslims called the regions of Iberia under their dominion al-Andalus . Abd ar-Rahman's establishment of a government in al-Andalus represented a branching from the rest of the Islamic Empire , which had been usurped by the Abbasid overthrow of the Umayyads from Damascus in 750. Variations of his name include Abd al-Rahman I and Abderraman I .

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The opening as it stood in 2015 2 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear

Abd al-Rahman I , or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (731–788) was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ). At the time it was known by the Arabs as al-Andalus . Abd al-Rahman's establishment of a government in al-Andalus represented a branching from the rest of the Caliphate of Damascus , which had been brought under the Abbasid following the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty from Damascus in 750. He was also known by appellations al-Dakhil ("the Entrant"), Saqr Quraish ("the Falcon of the Quraysh ") and the "Falcon of Andalus". Variations of the spelling of his name include Abd ar-Rahman I , Abdul Rahman I and Abderraman I . A Case Study of Arab Urbanism in Muslim Spain , James Dickie, The Legacy of Muslim Spain , ed.

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The opening as it stood in 2020 3 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear

Founder of the Emirate of Córdoba Abd al-Rahman I , more fully Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (731–788) ( ), was the founder of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ). Abd al-Rahman was a member of the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus , and his establishment of a government in Iberia represented a break with the Abbasids , who had overthrown the Umayyads in 750. He was also known by the surnames al-Dakhil ("the Entrant"), Saqr Quraish ("the Falcon of Quraysh ") and the "Falcon of Andalus". Variations of the spelling of his name include Abd ar-Rahman I , Abdul Rahman I , Abdar Rahman I , and Abderraman I .

Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 964958445.

The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023

Founder of the Emirate of Córdoba (731-788) Abd al-Rahman I ibn Mu’awiya (in full: Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ; 7 March 731 – 30 September 788; Arabic : عبد الرحمن الأول) was the founder of the Umayyad dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia in Al-Andalus for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ). Abd al-Rahman was a member of the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus , and his establishment of a government in Iberia represented a break with the Abbasids , who had overthrown the Umayyads in Damascus in 750. He was also known by the surnames al-Dakhil (" the Entrant "), Saqr Quraish (" the Falcon of Quraysh ") and as Saqr al-Andalus (" the Falcon of Andalusia "). Variations of the spelling of his name include Abd ar-Rahman , Abdul Rahman I , Abdar Rahman , and Abderraman .

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The opening as it stood in 2025 3 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear

Emir of Córdoba from 756 to 788 Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ( Arabic : عبد الرحمن إبن معاوية إبن هشام , romanized : ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Hishām ; 7 March 731 – 30 September 788), commonly known as Abd al-Rahman I , was the founder and first emir of the Emirate of Córdoba , ruling from 756 to 788. He established the Umayyad dynasty in al-Andalus , which continued for nearly three centuries (including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ). Abd al-Rahman was a member of the Umayyad dynasty in Damascus , and his establishment of a government in Iberia represented a break with the Abbasids , who had overthrown the Umayyads in Damascus in 750. He was also known by the surnames al-Dakhil ("the Immigrant"), Saqr Quraysh ("the Falcon of Quraysh "). An Introduction to Arabic Literature .

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