Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah az-Zubayr or Ibn Zubayr ( 624 - 692 ) was the son of Zubair , who was the nephew of Khadija , and Asma , who was the daughter of Abu Bakr . As a young man, Abdullah was an active participant in numerous Muslim campaigns against both the Byzantine and Sassanid empires. He also accompanied his father and Aysha into battle against Ali at the Battle of the Camel. During the reign of Muawiyah I he was not active in politics, but upon the ascension of Yazid I , he refused to swear allegiance to the new caliph. After the death of Husayn bin Ali at the Battle of Karbela , Zubayr returned to the Hejaz where he declared himself the righteous caliph, and he began building support. Eventually he would consolidate his power by sending a governor to Kufa . Soon, Ibn Zubayr established his power in Iraq, southern Arabia and in the greater part of Syria, and parts of Egypt. Zubayr was benefitted greatly by many who were unsatisfied with Umayyad rule. Yazid tried to end Zubayr's rebellion by invading the Hejaz, but his sudden death would end the campaign and throw the Umayyads into disarray with a civil war eventually breaking out. This would essentially split the Muslim empire into two spheres with two different caliphs, but it would not last long. The Umayyad civil war would be settled, and Zubayr would lose Egypt and whatever he had left of Syria to Marwan I . This coupled with the Kharijite rebellions in Iraq dwindled his control down to only the Hejaz. Zubayr would finally be defeated by Abd al-Malik who would send Hajjaj bin Yousef to reunite the Islamic empire. Hajjaj would defeat and kill Zubayr on the battlefield in 692 reestablishing Umayyad control over the Islamic Empire.

Abd Allah al-Zubayr or Ibn Zubayr or Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr' ( ; 624 - 692) was an Arab sahabi whose father was Zubayr ibn al-Awwam , and whose mother was Asma bint Abi Bakr , daughter of the first Caliph Abu Bakr . He was the nephew of Aisha , Prophet Muhammad 's third wife.

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ( ; May 624 — October/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death. The son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr , Ibn al-Zubayr belonged to the Quraysh , the leading tribe of the nascent Muslim community, and was the first child born to the Muhajirun , Islam 's earliest converts. As a youth, he participated in the early Muslim conquests alongside his father in Syria and Egypt , and later played a role in the Muslim conquests of North Africa and northern Iran in 647 and 650, respectively. During the First Muslim Civil War , he fought on the side of his aunt A'isha against Caliph Ali ( r. 656–661 ). Though little is heard of Ibn al-Zubayr during the subsequent reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I ( r. 661–680 ), it was known that he opposed the latter's designation of his son, Yazid I , as his successor. Ibn al-Zubayr, along with much of the Quraysh and the Ansar , the leading Muslim groups of the Hejaz (western Arabia), opposed the caliphate becoming an inheritable institution of the Umayyads . Ibn al-Zubayr established himself in Mecca where he rallied opposition to Yazid ( r. 680–683 ), before proclaiming himself caliph in the wake of Yazid's death in 683, marking the beginning of the Second Muslim Civil War . Meanwhile, Yazid's son and successor died weeks into his reign, precipitating the collapse of Umayyad authority across the Caliphate, most of whose provinces subsequently accepted the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr. Though widely recognized as caliph, his authority was largely nominal outside of the Hejaz. By 685, the Umayyad Caliphate had been reconstituted under Marwan I in Syria and Egypt, while Zubayrid authority was being challenged in Iraq and Arabia by pro- Alid and Kharijite forces. Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab reasserted Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty in Iraq by 687, but was defeated and killed by Marwan's successor Abd al-Malik in 691. The Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf proceeded to besiege Ibn al-Zubayr in his Meccan stronghold, where he was ultimately slain in 692. Through the prestige of his family ties and social links with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his strong association with the holy city of Mecca, Ibn al-Zubayr was able to lead the influential, disaffected Muslim factions opposed to Umayyad rule. He sought to reestablish the Hejaz as the political center of the Caliphate. However, his refusal to leave Mecca precluded him from exercising power in the more populous provinces where he depended on his brother Mus'ab and other loyalists, who ruled with virtual independence. He thus played a minor active role in the struggle carried out in his name. There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).

Arab leader of Mecca-based caliphate from 683 to 692 "Al-Zubayr" and "Ibn al-Zubayr" redirect here. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ( ; May 624 – October/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death. The son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr , Ibn al-Zubayr belonged to the Quraysh , the leading tribe of the nascent Muslim community, and was the first child born to the Muhajirun , Islam 's earliest converts, thus a Companion of the Prophet (صلى الله عليه و سلم). As a youth, he participated in the early Muslim conquests alongside his father in Syria and Egypt , and later played a role in the Muslim conquests of North Africa and northern Iran in 647 and 650, respectively. During the First Fitna , he fought on the side of his aunt A'isha against Caliph Ali ( r. 656–661 ). Though little is heard of Ibn al-Zubayr during the subsequent reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I ( r. 661–680 ), it was known that he opposed the latter's designation of his son, Yazid I , as his successor. Ibn al-Zubayr, along with many of the Quraysh and the Ansar , the leading Muslim groups of the Hejaz (western Arabia), opposed the caliphate becoming an inheritable institution of the Umayyads . Ibn al-Zubayr established himself in Mecca where he rallied opposition to Yazid ( r. 680–683 ), before proclaiming himself caliph in the wake of Yazid's death in 683, marking the beginning of the Second Fitna . Meanwhile, Yazid's son and successor Mu'awiya II died weeks into his reign, precipitating the collapse of Umayyad authority across the Caliphate, most of whose provinces subsequently accepted the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr. Though widely recognized as caliph, his authority was largely nominal outside of the Hejaz. By 685, the Umayyad Caliphate had been reconstituted under Marwan I in Syria and Egypt, while Zubayrid authority was being challenged in Iraq and Arabia by pro- Alid and Kharijite forces. Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab reasserted Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty in Iraq by 687, but was defeated and killed by Marwan's successor Abd al-Malik in 691. The Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf proceeded to besiege Ibn al-Zubayr in his Meccan stronghold, where he was ultimately slain in 692. Through the prestige of his family ties and social links with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his strong association with the holy city of Mecca, Ibn al-Zubayr was able to lead the influential, disaffected Muslim factions opposed to Umayyad rule. He sought to reestablish the Hejaz as the political center of the Caliphate. However, his refusal to leave Mecca precluded him from exercising power in the more populous provinces where he depended on his brother Mus'ab and other loyalists, who ruled with virtual independence. He thus played a minor active role in the struggle carried out in his name. There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).

Arab leader of Mecca-based caliphate from 683 to 692 "Al-Zubayr" and "Ibn al-Zubayr" redirect here. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ( Arabic : عَبْدُ اللَّهِ ٱبْن الزُّبَيْرِ ٱبْن الْعَوَّامِ , romanized : ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwām ; May 624 – October/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death. The son of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Asma bint Abi Bakr , and grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakr , Ibn al-Zubayr belonged to the Quraysh , the leading tribe of the nascent Muslim community, and was the first child born to the Muhajirun , Islam 's earliest converts. As a youth, he participated in the early Muslim conquests alongside his father in Syria and Egypt , and later played a role in the Muslim conquests of North Africa and northern Iran in 647 and 650, respectively. During the First Fitna , he fought on the side of his aunt A'isha against Caliph Ali ( r. 656–661 ). Though little is heard of Ibn al-Zubayr during the subsequent reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I ( r. 661–680 ), it was known that he opposed the latter's designation of his son, Yazid I , as his successor. Ibn al-Zubayr, along with many of the Quraysh and the Ansar , the leading Muslim groups of the Hejaz (western Arabia), opposed the caliphate becoming an inheritable institution of the Umayyads . Ibn al-Zubayr established himself in Mecca where he rallied opposition to Yazid ( r. 680–683 ), before proclaiming himself caliph in the wake of Yazid's death in 683, marking the beginning of the Second Fitna . Meanwhile, Yazid's son and successor Mu'awiya II died weeks into his reign, precipitating the collapse of Umayyad authority across the Caliphate, most of whose provinces subsequently accepted the suzerainty of Ibn al-Zubayr. Though widely recognized as caliph, his authority was largely nominal outside of the Hejaz. By 685, the Umayyad Caliphate had been reconstituted under Marwan I in Syria and Egypt, while Ibn al-Zubayr's authority was being challenged in Iraq and Arabia by pro- Alid and Kharijite forces. Ibn al-Zubayr's brother Mus'ab reasserted Ibn al-Zubayr's suzerainty in Iraq by 687, but was defeated and killed by Marwan's successor Abd al-Malik in 691. The Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf proceeded to besiege Ibn al-Zubayr in his Meccan stronghold, where he was ultimately slain in 692. Through the prestige of his family ties and social links with the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his strong association with the holy city of Mecca, Ibn al-Zubayr was able to lead the influential, disaffected Muslim factions opposed to Umayyad rule. He sought to re-establish the Hejaz as the political center of the Caliphate. However, his refusal to leave Mecca precluded him from exercising power in the more populous provinces where he depended on his brother Mus'ab and other loyalists, who ruled with virtual independence. He thus played a minor active role in the struggle carried out in his name. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).