Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal Abu `Abd Allah al-Shaybani ( ) was an important Muslim scholar and theologian of Persian background. He is considered the founder of the Hanbali school of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The History of Persia by John Malcolm – Page 245 A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh by Edward Granville Browne – Page 295 Explanation of the Creed, pg. 8 "CLASSICAL BOOKS \ Hadeeth \ Saheeh al-Bukhaaree (al-Jaami' as-Saheeh)" .

Aḥmad bin Muḥammad bin Ḥanbal Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Shaybānī (780–855 CE / 164–241 AH ) ( ) was an important Muslim scholar and theologian . He is considered the founder of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence . Ibn Hanbal is one of the most celebrated Sunni theologians, often referred to as " Sheikh ul-Islam ," honorifics given to the most esteemed doctrinal authorities in the Sunni tradition. Ibn Hanbal personified the theological views of the early orthodox scholars, including the founders of the other extant schools of Sunni fiqh. Hanbal was a strong spokesman for the usage of hadiths. The History of Persia by John Malcolm – Page 245 A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh by Edward Granville Browne – Page 295 "CLASSICAL BOOKS / Hadeeth / Saheeh al-Bukhaaree (al-Jaami' as-Saheeh)" .

Muslim scholar, theologian Abū ʿAbdillāh Aḥmad Ibn Muḥammad Ibn Ḥanbal Ash-Shaybānī ( ; 780–855 CE /164–241 AH ), often referred to as Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal or Ibn Ḥanbal for short, was an Arab Muslim jurist , theologian , ascetic , hadith traditionist, and founder of the Hanbali school of Sunni jurisprudence — one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam. A highly influential and active scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history, who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area of" the traditionalist (literalism-oriented) perspective within Sunni Islam. One of the foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as the basis for Islamic law and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of the most important Sunni hadith collections, the Musnad , which has continued to exercise considerable influence in the field of hadith studies up to the present time. Having studied fiqh and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the Mihna , the inquisition instituted by the Abbasid Caliphate al-Ma'mun towards the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the Mutazilite dogma of the Quran being created, a view that contradicted the orthodox doctrine of the Quran being the eternal , uncreated Word of God. Suffering physical persecution under the caliph for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding reputation" in the annals of Islamic history. Throughout Islamic history, Ibn Hanbal was venerated as an exemplary figure in all the traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric ulema and by the mystics , with the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies. The fourteenth-century hadith master al-Dhahabi referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true Shaykh of Islām and leader of the Muslims in his time, the ḥadīth master and Proof of the Religion." In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become controversial in certain quarters of the Islamic world, because the Hanbali reform movement known as Wahhabism has cited him as a principal influence along with the thirteenth-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyyah . However it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually played "no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism," as there is evidence, according to the same authors, that "the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis," rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints, grave visitation, miracles, and relics. In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's own support for the use of relics as simply one of several important points upon which the theologian's opinions diverged from those of Wahhabism. The History of Persia by John Malcolm – Page 245 A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh by Edward Granville Browne – Page 295 Lapidus, Ira M. A History of Islamic Societies . Hanbal," in Encyclopedia of Islam , Vol. Ibn al-Jawzī, Manāqib al-imām Aḥmad, ed. ʿĀdil Nuwayhiḍ , Beirut 1393/1973

Muslim jurist and theologian (780–855) Saahibul Hadith Imam Ul Adham Ahmad ibn Hanbal al-Dhuhli ( ; November 780 – 2 August 855 CE /164–241 AH ), was a Muslim jurist , theologian , ascetic , hadith traditionist , and founder of the Hanbali school of Sunni jurisprudence — one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam . The most highly influential and active scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history , who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area of" the traditionalist perspective within Sunni Islam. One of the foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as the basis for Sunni Islamic law and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of the most important Sunni hadith collections, the Musnad , which has continued to exercise considerable influence in the field of hadith studies up to the present time. Having studied fiqh and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the Mihna , the inquisition instituted by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun towards the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the Muʿtazilite dogma of the Quran being created , a view that contradicted the orthodox doctrine of the Quran being the eternal , uncreated Word of God. Living in poverty throughout his lifetime working as a baker and suffering physical persecution under the caliphs for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding reputation" in the annals of Sunni history. Throughout Sunni Islamic history, Ibn Hanbal was venerated as an exemplary figure in all the traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric ulema and by the mystics , with the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies. The fourteenth-century hadith master al-Dhahabi referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true Shaykh of Islām and leader of the Muslims in his time, the ḥadīth master and Proof of the Religion." In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become controversial in certain quarters of the Islamic world, because the Hanbali reform movement known as Wahhabism has cited him as a principal influence along with the thirteenth-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyyah . However it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually played "no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism," as there is evidence, according to the same authors, that "the older Hanbalite authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis," rich as medieval Hanbali literature is in references to saints, grave visitation, miracles, and relics. In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's own support for the use of relics as simply one of several important points upon which the theologian's opinions diverged from those of Wahhabism. Other scholars maintain that Ahmād Ibn Hānbal was "the distant progenitor of Wahhābism" who also immensely inspired the conservative reform movement of Salafiyya . The History of Persia by John Malcolm – Page 245 A Literary History of Persia from the Earliest Times Until Firdawsh by Edward Granville Browne – Page 295 Abū ʿAbdillāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥanbal al-Thuhli ( ) H. Hanbal," in Encyclopedia of Islam , Vol. In Laoust, Henri (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition .

Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian (780–855) "Imam Ahmed" redirects here. Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( Arabic : أَحْمَد بْن حَنْبَل , romanized : Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal ; (164-241 AH; 780 – 855 CE) was an Arab Muslim scholar , jurist , theologian , traditionist , ascetic and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence —one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam. The most highly influential and active scholar during his lifetime, Ibn Hanbal went on to become "one of the most venerated" intellectual figures in Islamic history, who has had a "profound influence affecting almost every area" of the traditionalist perspective within Sunni Islam. One of the foremost classical proponents of relying on scriptural sources as the basis for Sunni Islamic law and way of life, Ibn Hanbal compiled one of the most significant Sunni hadith collections, al-Musnad , which has continued to exercise considerable influence on the field of hadith studies up to the present time. Having studied jurisprudence and hadith under many teachers during his youth, Ibn Hanbal became famous in his later life for the crucial role he played in the Mihna instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun toward the end of his reign, in which the ruler gave official state support to the Mu'tazili doctrine of the Quran being created , a view that contradicted the orthodox position of the Quran being the eternal, uncreated word of God. Living in poverty throughout his lifetime working as a baker, and suffering physical persecution under the caliphs for his unflinching adherence to the traditional doctrine, Ibn Hanbal's fortitude in this particular event only bolstered his "resounding reputation" in the annals of Sunni history. Ibn Hanbal later came to be venerated as an exemplary figure in all traditional schools of Sunni thought, both by the exoteric scholars and ascetic Sufis , with the latter often designating him as a saint in their hagiographies. The 12th-century jurist and theologian Ibn al-Jawzi relates he "was the foremost in collecting the prophetic way and adhering to it." He was further praised by the 14th-century historian and traditionist al-Dhahabi , who referred to Ibn Hanbal as "the true shaykh of Islam and imam of the Muslims in his time; the traditionist and proof of the religion'." In the modern era, Ibn Hanbal's name has become controversial in certain quarters of the Islamic world, as the Hanbali reform movement known as Wahhabism has cited him as a principal influence along with the 13th-century Hanbali reformer Ibn Taymiyya . However, it has been argued by certain scholars that Ibn Hanbal's own beliefs actually played "no real part in the establishment of the central doctrines of Wahhabism," as there is evidence, according to the same authors, "the older Hanbali authorities had doctrinal concerns very different from those of the Wahhabis," due to medieval Hanbali literature being rich in references to saints, grave visitation, miracles, and relics. In this connection, scholars have cited Ibn Hanbal's own support for the use of relics as one of several important points on which the theologian's positions diverged from those adhering to Wahhabism. Other scholars maintain he was "the distant progenitor of Wahhabism", who also immensely inspired the similar conservative reform movement of Salafism . Hanbal," in Encyclopedia of Islam , Vol. A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse" . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 34 (3). He chose to treat the anthropomorphic descriptions of God found in the scriptures as muhkamat, admitting to only the apparent meaning,.. A Study of Anthropomorphism in Early Islamic Discourse" . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 34 (3). Scholars are almost unanimous in attributing to Ibn Hanbal the use of the ancient balkafa formula. The rise of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal during the Mihna resulted in the empowering and centering of corporealist ideas within the Sunni movement. When his ideas became the criterion of traditionalist orthodoxy... "Debating the Doctrine of jabr (Compulsion): Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya Reads Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī". The prominent traditionalists, such as Abū ʿAmr al-Awzāʿī (d.157/774) and Ahmad b. Ḥanbal (d.241/855).. In Laoust, Henri (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.).