Al-Biruni

Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Bīrūnī ( ), often known as Alberuni , Al Beruni , Al Bayrooni or variants, (born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm (now in Uzbekistan ), died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni , Khorasan ) was a Persian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century. He was a scientist and physicist , an anthropologist and comparative sociologist , an astronomer , astrologer , and chemist , an encyclopedist and historian , a geographer and traveler, a geodesist and geologist , a mathematician , a pharmacist and psychologist , an Islamic philosopher and theologian , and a scholar and teacher . He was the first Muslim scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the founder of Indology , and "the first anthropologist ". He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method , and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics and mineralogy , developed comparative sociology and experimentation in psychology , and the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena. George Sarton , the father of the history of science, described Biruni as "one of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times." A. Sabra described Biruni as "one of the great scientific minds in all history." The crater Al-Biruni on the Moon is named after him. Tashkent Technical University (formerly Tashkent Polytechnic Institute) is also named after Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and a university founded by Ahmad Shah Massoud in Kapisa is named after him. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219. In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Chorasmian , science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba . ; Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Bacharach, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index:Volume 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112:"Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language , he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science."; Mr Koïchiro Matsuura. "Biruni, a scholar in many disciplines - from linguistics to mineralogy - and perhaps medieval Uzbekistan 's most universal genius." Dyczkowski, M.S.G. The Canon of the Saivagama and the Kubjika Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition , State University of New York Press Zafarul Islam Khan , At The Threshold Of A New Millennium – II , The Milli Gazette . Sabra , Ibn al-Haytham , Harvard Magazine , September-October 2003.

Abū al-Rayhān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī (4/5 September 973 – 13 December 1048), known as Al-Biruni in English, was a Persian Muslim scholar and polymath from the Khwarezm region. Al-Biruni is regarded as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in physics , mathematics , astronomy , and natural sciences , and also distinguished himself as a historian , chronologist and linguist . He was conversant in Khwarezmian , Persian , Arabic , Sanskrit , and also knew Greek , Hebrew and Syriac . He spent a large part of his life in Ghazni in modern-day Afghanistan, capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty which was based in what is now central-eastern Afghanistan. In 1017 he traveled to the Indian subcontinent and authored “Tarikh Al-Hind” (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practised in India. He is given the titles the "founder of Indology ". He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India . He also made contributions to Earth sciences , and is regarded as the "father of geodesy " for his important contributions to that field, along with his significant contributions to geography . The Exact Sciences , E.S.Kennedy, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs , Ed. Kemal Ataman, Understanding other religions: al-Biruni's and Gadamer's "fusion of horizons" , (CRVP, 2008), 58. (1968), “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)”, J.A. Excerpt from page 7:"The Iranian scholar al-BIruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC) " Richard Frye: "The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History"(R.N. Saleem Khan, "Al-Biruni's discovery of India: an interpretative study", iAcademicBooks, 2001. pg 11: "It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect" [1] Rahman, H. Massignon, "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" in Al-Biruni Commemoration Volume, (Calcutta, 1951). pp 217-219. In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says: And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian , science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba . ; Gotthard Strohmaier, "Biruni" in Josef W. Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization: A-K, index : Vol. 1 of Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis, 2006. excerpt from page 112: "Although his native Khwarezmian was also an Iranian language , he rejected the emerging neo-Persian literature of his time (Firdawsi), preferring Arabic instead as the only adequate medium of science."; D. Excerpt: "Chorasmian, the original Iranian language of Chorasmia, is attested at two stages of its development..The earliest examples have been left by the great Chorasmian scholar Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī."; A.L.Samian, "Al-Biruni" in Helaine Selin (ed.), "Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures ", Springer, 1997. excerpt from page 157: "his native language was the Khwarizmian dialect" D.J. Ahmad", in Encyclopaedia of Islam (Leiden), New Ed., vol.1:1236-1238. Excerpt 1: "He was born of an Iranian family in 362/973 (according to al-Ghadanfar, on 3 Dhu'l-Hididja/ 4 September — see E. Excerpt 2:"was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, "the Master". There are <ref group=n> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).

He has been variously called as the "founder of Indology ", "Father of Comparative Religion ", "Father of modern geodesy ", and the first anthropologist . Al-Biruni was well versed in physics , mathematics , astronomy , and natural sciences , and also distinguished himself as a historian , chronologist and linguist . He studied almost all fields of science and was compensated for his research and strenuous work. Royalty and powerful members of society sought out Al-Biruni to conduct research and study to uncover certain findings. In addition to this type of influence, Al-Biruni was also influenced by other nations, such as the Greeks, who he took inspiration from when he turned to studies of philosophy. He was conversant in Khwarezmian , Persian , Arabic , Sanskrit , and also knew Greek , Hebrew and Syriac . He spent much of his life in Ghazni , then capital of the Ghaznavid dynasty , in modern-day central-eastern Afghanistan. In 1017 he travelled to the Indian subcontinent and authored a study of Indian culture Tārīkh al-Hind (History of India) after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India . He was an impartial writer on customs and creeds of various nations, and was given the title al-Ustadh ("The Master") for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs . Understanding Other Religions: Al-Biruni's and Gadamer's "fusion of Horizons" . "Constitutional legitimacy: Sharia law, secularism and the social compact." Indon. Its leading protagonist Al-Biruni, a scholar and mathematician, viewed natural law as the 'law of the jungle', and argued that the antagonism between human beings can only be overcome" Sardar, Ziauddin (1998). Aḥmad (362/973- after 442/1050), scholar and polymath of the period of the late Samanids and early Ghaznavids and one of the two greatest intellectual figures of his time in the eastern lands of the Muslim world, the other being Ebn Sīnā (Avicenna). The Iranian scholar al-Biruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC) : Invalid |ref=harv ( help ) Frye, Richard Nelson (February 2000). The Golden Age of Persia . The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History Khan, M. It is generally accepted that he was Persian by origin, and spoke the Khwarizmian dialect Rahman, H. Science in the Middle Ages . A Persian by birth, a rationalist in disposition, this contemporary of Avicenna and Alhazen not only studied history, philosophy, and geography in depth, but wrote one of the most comprehensive Muslim astronomical treatises, the Qanun Al-Masu'di. "Al-Biruni et la valuer internationale de la science arabe" ". In a celebrated preface to the book of Drugs, Biruni says, "And if it is true that in all nations one likes to adorn oneself by using the language to which one has remained loyal, having become accustomed to using it with friends and companions according to need, I must judge for myself that in my native Khwarezmian , science has as much as chance of becoming perpetuated as a camel has of facing Kaaba . In Selin, Helaine (ed.). Sachau , Chronology, xivxvi), in the suburb (birun) of Kath, capital of Khwarizm....was one of the greatest scholars of mediaeval Islam, and certainly the most original and profound. He was equally well versed in the mathematical, astronomic, physical and natural sciences and also distinguished himself as a geographer and historian, chronologist and linguist and as an impartial observer of customs and creeds. He is known as al-Ustdadh, 'the Master'. in Bearman, Bianquis & Bosworth 2007 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBearmanBianquisBosworth2007 ( help ) Berggren, J. Pi: A Source Book . The Persian polymath, al-Birüni, a younger contemporary of Abu'l-Wafa', calculated the perimeters of inscribed and ... Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE . In Ray, Himanshu Prabha (ed.). There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

11th-century Persian scholar and polymath For other uses, see Al-Biruni (disambiguation) . Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni / æ l b ɪ ˈ r uː n i / ( ; ) (973 – after 1050), known as al-Biruni , was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age . He has been called variously the "founder of Indology ", "Father of Comparative Religion ","Father of modern geodesy ", and the first anthropologist . Al-Biruni was well versed in physics , mathematics, astronomy , and natural sciences , and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist , and linguist . He studied almost all the sciences of his day and was rewarded abundantly for his tireless research in many fields of knowledge. Royalty and other powerful elements in society funded al-Biruni's research and sought him out with specific projects in mind. Influential in his own right, Al-Biruni was himself influenced by the scholars of other nations, such as the Greeks, from whom he took inspiration when he turned to the study of philosophy. A gifted linguist, he was conversant in Khwarezmian , Persian , Arabic, Sanskrit , and also knew Greek , Hebrew , and Syriac . He spent much of his life in Ghazni , then capital of the Ghaznavids , in modern-day central-eastern Afghanistan. In 1017, he travelled to the Indian subcontinent and wrote a treatise on Indian culture entitled Tārīkh al-Hind (" The History of India "), after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India . He was, for his time, an admirably impartial writer on the customs and creeds of various nations, his scholarly objectivity earning him the title al-Ustadh ("The Master") in recognition of his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

Persian scholar and polymath (973–1050) For other uses, see Al-Biruni (disambiguation) . ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni / æ l b ɪ ˈ r uː n i / ( Persian : ابوریحان بیرونی ; Arabic : أبو الريحان البيروني ; 973 – after 1050), known as al-Biruni , was a Khwarazmian Iranian scholar and polymath during the Islamic Golden Age . He has been called variously "Father of Comparative Religion ", "Father of modern geodesy ", Founder of Indology and the first anthropologist . Al-Biruni was well versed in physics , mathematics, astronomy , and natural sciences , and also distinguished himself as a historian, chronologist , and linguist . He studied almost all the sciences of his day and was rewarded abundantly for his tireless research in many fields of knowledge. Royalty and other powerful elements in society funded al-Biruni's research and sought him out with specific projects in mind. Influential in his own right, al-Biruni was himself influenced by the scholars of other nations, such as the Greeks, from whom he took inspiration when he turned to the study of philosophy. A gifted linguist, he was conversant in Khwarezmian , Persian , Arabic, and Sanskrit , and also knew Greek , Hebrew , and Syriac . He spent much of his life in Ghazni , then capital of the Ghaznavids , in modern-day central-eastern Afghanistan. In 1017, he travelled to the Indian subcontinent and wrote a treatise on Indian culture entitled Tārīkh al-Hind (" The History of India "), after exploring the Hindu faith practiced in India. He was, for his time, an admirably impartial writer on the customs and creeds of various nations, his scholarly objectivity earning him the title al-Ustadh ("The Master") in recognition of his remarkable description of early 11th-century India. Page 7: "The Iranian scholar al-Biruni says that the Khwarazmian era began when the region was first settled and cultivated, this date being placed in the early 13th-century BC)" page 141 "the Khwarazmian al-Biruni'" Frye, Richard Nelson (February 2000). The Golden Age of Persia . The contribution of Iranians to Islamic mathematics is overwhelming. ..The name of Abu Raihan Al-Biruni, from Khwarazm, must be mentioned since he was one of the greatest scientists in World History Panaino, Antonio (27 October 2021). There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).