Ali

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( , ; 13 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661 ) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. Sunni Muslims consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs ), while Shi'a Muslims regard Ali as the first Imam and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad , all of which are members of the Ahl al-Bayt , the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shi'a branches. Most records do indicate that during Muhammad's time, Ali was the only person born in the Kaaba sanctuary in Mecca , the holiest place in Islam. Although, from the point of view of Sunni Muslims, this on its own does not give him special religious significance. His father was Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad , but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation , Ali was the first male to accept his message, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam . Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered him to give his daughter, Fatimah , to Ali in marriage. Ali took part in the early raids against caravans from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the early Muslim community. Ali was appointed caliph by the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan . He encountered defiance and civil war during his reign. In 661, Ali was attacked while praying in the mosque of Kufa , dying a few days later. In Muslim culture , Ali is respected for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, and therefore is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism . Ali retains his stature as an authority on Qur'anic exegesis , Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought. Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. Ali's influence has thus continued throughout Islamic history . Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1 .

Ali ibn Abi Talib ( / ˈ ɑː l i , ɑː ˈ l iː / ; , ; 13th Rajab , 22 or 16 BH – 21st Ramaḍān , 40 AH; September 20, 601 or July 17, 607 or 600 – January 27, 661) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661. A son of Abu Talib , Ali was also the first young male who accepted Islam. Sunnis consider Ali the fourth and final of the Rashidun (rightly guided Caliphs ), while Shias regard Ali as the first Imam after Muhammad, and consider him and his descendants the rightful successors to Muhammad , all of whom are members of the Ahl al-Bayt , the household of Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim community) into the Sunni and Shi`i branches. Many sources, especially Shia ones, record that Ali was the only person born in the sacred sanctuary of the Kaaba in Mecca , the holiest place in Islam. His father was Abu Talib and his mother was Fatima bint Asad , but he was raised in the household of Muhammad, who himself was raised by Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle and Ali's father. When Muhammad reported receiving a divine revelation , Ali was the first male to accept his message and first to convert to Islam at the age of 12, dedicating his life to the cause of Islam. Ali migrated to Medina shortly after Muhammad did. Once there Muhammad told Ali that God had ordered Muhammad to give his daughter, Fatimah , to Ali in marriage. Ali took part in the early caravan raids from Mecca and later in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community. Ali was appointed Caliph by the Companions of Muhammad (the Sahaba ) in Medina after the assassination of the third caliph, ` Uthman ibn Affan . He encountered defiance and civil war during his reign. In 661, Ali was attacked one morning while praying in the Great Masjid of Al- Kufah , and died two days later. In Muslim culture , Ali is respected for his courage, knowledge, belief, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, deep loyalty to Muhammad, equal treatment of all Muslims and generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies, and therefore is central to mystical traditions in Islam such as Sufism . Ali retains his stature as an authority on Quranic exegesis , Islamic jurisprudence and religious thought. Ali holds a high position in almost all Sufi orders which trace their lineage through him to Muhammad. Ali's influence has been important throughout Islamic history . Kitab Maqtal Ali (144 AH / 761 CE). Kitab Maqtal Amir Al-Muminin (183 AH / 799 CE). Maqtal Amir ul-Muminin (201 AH / 817 CE). Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol.1 .

Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, first of the Shia Imams, and fourth Sunni Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib ( , ʿAlī ibn ʾAbī Ṭālib ; 13 September 601 – 29 January 661) was a cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , who ruled as the fourth caliph from 656 to 661. He is one of the central figures in Shia Islam and is regarded as the rightful immediate successor to Muhammad as an Imam by Shia Muslims. Ali was born inside the sacred sanctuary of the Kaaba in Mecca , the holiest place in Islam , to Abu Talib and Fatimah bint Asad . He was the first male who accepted Islam under Muhammad's watch. Ali protected Muhammad from an early age and took part in almost all the battles fought by the nascent Muslim community. After migrating to Medina , he married Muhammad's daughter Fatimah . He was appointed caliph by Muhammad's companions in 656, after Caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated. Ali's reign saw civil wars and in 661, he was attacked and assassinated by a Kharijite while praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa . Ali is important to both Shias and Sunnis , politically and spiritually. The numerous biographical sources about Ali are often biased according to sectarian lines, but they agree that he was a pious Muslim, devoted to the cause of Islam and a just ruler in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah . While Sunnis consider Ali the fourth Rashidun Caliph , Shia Muslims regard Ali as the first Caliph and Imam after Muhammad. Shia Muslims also believe that Ali and the other Shia Imams , all of whom are from the House of Muhammad's, known as the Ahl al-Bayt , are the rightful successors to Muhammad. Watt 1953 , p. xii harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWatt1953 ( help ) .

4th Rashidun Caliph (r. 656–661) and first Shia Imam This article is about the Islamic figure. A senior companion of Muhammad, he is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first Imam , the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. The issue of succession caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into two major branches: Shia following an appointed hereditary leadership among Ali's descendants, and Sunni following political dynasties. Ali's assassination in the Grand Mosque of Kufa by a Kharijite coincided with the rise of the Umayyad Caliphate . The Imam Ali Shrine and the city of Najaf were built around Ali's tomb and it is visited yearly by millions of devotees. Ali was a cousin of Muhammad. He was raised by Mohammed from the age of 5 and accepted Mohammed's claim of divine revelation by age 11, being among the first to do so . Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam while Muhammad was in Mecca and under severe persecution. After Muhammad's relocation to Medina in 622, Ali married his daughter Fatima , becoming Mohammed's son-in-law. Ali fathered, among others, Hasan and Husayn , the second and third Shia Imams. Muhammad called him his brother, guardian and successor , and he was the flag bearer in most of the wars and became famous for his bravery. On his return from the Farewell Pilgrimage , Muhammad uttered the phrase, "Whoever I am his Mawla , this Ali is his Mawla." But the meaning of Mawla became disputed. Shias believed that Ali was appointed by Muhammad to lead Islam, and Sunnis interpreted the word as friendship and love. While Ali was preparing Muhammad's body for burial, a group of Muslims met and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr . Ali pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr, after six months, but did not take part in the wars and political activity, except for the election of Uthman , the third caliph. However, he advised the three caliphs in religious, judicial, and political matters. After Uthman was killed, Ali was elected as the next Caliph, which coincided with the first civil wars between Muslims. Ali faced two separate opposition forces: a group in Mecca, who wanted to convene a council to determine the caliphate; and another group led by Mu'awiya in the Levant, who demanded revenge for Uthman's blood. He defeated the first group; but in the end, the Battle of Siffin led to an arbitration that favored Mu'awiya, who eventually defeated Ali militarily. Slain by the sword of Ibn Muljam Moradi , Ali was buried outside the city of Kufa . In the eyes of his admirers, he became an example of piety and un-corrupted Islam, as well as the chivalry of pre-Islamic Arabia. Several books are dedicated to his hadiths , sermons, and prayers, the most famous of which is Nahj al-Balagha . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

1st Shia Imam and 4th Rashidun caliph (656–661) This article is about the Islamic figure. Ali ibn Abi Talib ( Arabic : عَلِيُّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب , romanized : ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ; c. 600 – 661 CE ) was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 CE until his assassination in 661, as well as the first Shia Imam . He was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Born to Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Fatima bint Asad , Ali was raised by his elder cousin Muhammad and was among the first to accept his teachings. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam when Muslims were severely persecuted in Mecca . After immigration ( hijra ) to Medina in 622, Muhammad gave his daughter Fatima to Ali in marriage and swore a pact of brotherhood with him. Ali served as Muhammad's secretary and deputy in this period, and was the flag bearer of his army. Numerous sayings of Muhammad praise Ali, the most controversial of which was uttered in 632 at the Ghadir Khumm , "Whoever I am his mawla , this Ali is his mawla ." The interpretation of the polysemous Arabic word mawla is disputed: For Shia Muslims , Muhammad thus invested Ali with his religious and political authority, while Sunni Muslims view this as a mere statement of friendship and rapport. When Muhammad died in the same year, a group of Muslims met in the absence of Ali and appointed Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634 ) as their leader. Ali later relinquished his claims to leadership and resigned from public life during the reigns of Abu Bakr and his successor, Umar ( r. 634–644 ). Even though his advice was occasionally sought, the conflicts between Ali and the first two caliphs are epitomized by his refusal to follow their practices. This refusal cost Ali the caliphate to the benefit of Uthman ( r. 644–656 ), who was thus appointed to succeed Umar by the electoral council. Ali was also highly critical of Uthman, who was widely accused of nepotism and corruption. Yet Ali also repeatedly mediated between the caliph and the provincial dissidents angered by his policies. Following Uthman's assassination in June 656, Ali was elected caliph in Medina. He immediately faced two separate rebellions, both ostensibly to avenge Uthman: The triumvirate of Talha , Zubayr , both companions of Muhammad, and his widow Aisha captured Basra in Iraq but were defeated by Ali in the Battle of the Camel in 656. These formed the Kharijites , who later terrorized the public and were crushed by Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. Ali was assassinated in 661 by the Kharijite dissident Ibn Muljam , which paved the way for Mu'awiya to seize power and found the dynastic Umayyad Caliphate . Ali is revered for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity , and equal treatment of all Muslims. Sunni Muslims regard him as the last of the rashidun ( lit. ' rightly-guided ' ) caliphs, while Shia Muslims venerate him as their first imam , that is, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. Ali's place is said to be second only to Muhammad in Shia Muslim culture . The shrine of Ali in Najaf , Iraq, is a major destination for Shia pilgrimage. The legacy of Ali is collected and studied in numerous books, the most famous of which is Nahj al-balagha .