Brit milah

Brit milah ( Hebrew : ברית מילה; literally "covenant of circumcision"), also bris milah ( Ashkenazi pronunciation) is a Jewish ceremony which welcomes infant boys into the covenant through ritual circumcision performed by a mohel in the presence of family and friends, followed by a celebratory meal.

Brit milah ( Hebrew : בְּרִית מִילָה [b'rī t mī'lā], Sephardi pronunciation, b'rit milah ; Ashkenazi pronunciation, bris milôh , "covenant of circumcision"; Yiddish , bris ) is a religious ceremony within Judaism to welcome infant Jewish boys into a covenant between God and the Children of Israel through ritual circumcision performed by a mohel ("circumciser"). This happens on the eighth day of the child's life unless health reasons force a delay, in the presence of family and friends, followed by a celebratory meal ( seudat mitzvah ).

The brit milah ( , ; Ashkenazi pronunciation: , "covenant of circumcision "; Yiddish pronunciation: bris ) is a Jewish religious male circumcision ceremony performed by a mohel on the eighth day of a male infant's life. The brit milah is followed by a celebratory meal ( seudat mitzvah ).

The brit milah ( , ; Ashkenazi pronunciation: , "covenant of circumcision "; Yiddish pronunciation: bris ) is a Jewish religious male circumcision ceremony performed by a mohel ("circumciser") on the eighth day of the infant's life. The brit milah is followed by a celebratory meal ( seudat mitzvah ).

Jewish religious male circumcision ceremony 1824 illustration from Lipník nad Bečvou The brit milah ( Hebrew : בְּרִית מִילָה ‎ , Modern Israeli : [bʁit miˈla] , Ashkenazi : [bʁis ˈmilə] ; " covenant of circumcision ") or bris ( Yiddish : ברית ‎ , Yiddish: [bʁɪs] ) is the ceremony of circumcision in Judaism and Samaritanism , during which the foreskin is surgically removed. According to the Book of Genesis , God commanded the biblical patriarch Abraham to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his descendants on the eighth day of life, symbolizing the covenant between God and the Jewish people . Today, it is generally performed by a mohel on the eighth day after the infant's birth and is followed by a celebratory meal known as seudat mitzvah . Brit Milah is considered among the most important and central commandments in Judaism , and the rite has played a central role in the formation and history of Jewish civilization . The Talmud , when discussing the importance of brit milah , considers it equal to all other mitzvot (commandments). Abraham's descendants who voluntarily fail to undergo brit milah , barring extraordinary circumstances, are believed to suffer Kareth : in Jewish theology, the extinction of the soul and denial of a share in the world to come . Brit is understood by Jews to signify acceptance into the covenant between God and the Jewish people, which is why Gerim need to go through brit even if they are not from Abraham's descendants. Historical conflicts between Jews and European civilizations have occurred several times over brit milah , including multiple campaigns of Jewish ethnic, cultural, and religious persecution, with subsequent bans and restrictions on the practice as an attempted means of forceful assimilation, conversion, and ethnocide , most famously in the Maccabean Revolt by the Seleucid Empire . "In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision ( brit milah ) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution". These periods have generally been linked to suppression of Jewish religious, ethnic, and cultural identity and subsequent "punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision". The Maccabee victory in the Maccabean Revolt—ending the prohibition against circumcision—is celebrated in Hanukkah . Circumcision rates are near-universal among Jews. Brit milah also has immense importance in other religions. The Gospel of Luke records that Mary and Joseph , the parents of Jesus , had him undergo circumcision . In order to prevent the obliteration of the "seal of the covenant" on the flesh, as circumcision was henceforth called, the Rabbis, probably after the war of Bar Kokba (see Yeb. l.c.; Gen. R. xlvi.), instituted the "peri'ah" (the laying bare of the glans), without which circumcision was declared to be of no value (Shab. xxx. 6). The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism . The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17 . In fact, circumcision is only one of two performative commands, the neglect of which bring the kareth penalty. (The other is the failure to be cleansed from corpse contamination, umb. 19:11-22.) Mark, Elizabeth (2003). Circumcision became the single most important commandment... the one without which... no Jew could attain the world to come. Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics . Several eras in subsequent Jewish history were associated with forced conversions and with prohibitions against ritual circumcision... Jews endangered their lives during such times and exerted strenuous efforts to nullify such edicts. When they succeeded, they celebrated by declaring a holiday. Throughout most of history, Jews never doubted their obligation to observe circumcision... [those who attempted to reverse it or failed to perform the ritual were called] voiders of the covenant of Abraham our father, and they have no portion in the World to Come. The Contested Place of Religion in Family Law . Jews have a long history of suffering punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision. Muslims have also experienced suppression of their identities through suppression of this religious practice. The Nordic Model and Its Influence in the 21st Century . In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit mila) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution. In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah. "Should liberal government regulate male circumcision performed in the name of Jewish tradition?" . Protagonists and critics of male circumcision agree on some things and disagree on many others... They also do not underestimate the importance of male circumcision for the relevant communities... Even the most critical voices of male circumcision do not suggest putting a blanket ban on the practice as they understand that such a ban, very much like the 1920–1933 prohibition laws in the United States, would not be effective... Protagonists and critics of male circumcision debate whether the practice is morally acceptable... They assign different weights to harm as well as to medical risks and to non-medical benefits. The different weights to risks and benefits conform to their underlying views about the practices... Protagonists and critics disagree about the significance of medical reasons for circumcision...