Edom

Edom ( Hebrew : אֱדוֹם , Modern : Edom , Tiberian : ʼĔḏôm , " red ") is a name given to Esau in the Hebrew Bible , as well as to the nation descending from him. The nation's name in Assyrian was Udumi ; in Syriac , ܐܕܘܡ ; in Greek , Ἰδουμαία (Idoumaía); in Latin , Idumæa or Idumea . The Edomite people were a Semitic -speaking tribal group inhabiting the Negev Desert and the Arabah valley of what is now southern Dead Sea and adjacent Jordan . The region has much reddish sandstone, which may have given rise to the name "Edom". The nation of Edom is known to have existed back to the 8th or 9th century BC , and the Bible dates it back several centuries further. Recent archaeological evidence may indicate an Edomite nation as long ago as the 11th century BC , but the topic is controversial and others argue that the 8th or 9th century dates are correct. The nation ceased to exist as a settled state with the Jewish-Roman Wars . van der Steen, Eveline; Piotra Bienkowski How Old is the Kingdom of Edom [1]

Areas in dark red show the approximate boundary of classical-age Idumaea. Edom ( / ˈ iː d ə m / or / ˈ iː . d ʌ m / ; Hebrew : אֱדוֹם , Modern : Edom , Tiberian : ʼĔḏôm , " red "; Assyrian : Udumi ; Syriac : ܐܕܘܡ ) or Idumea ( Greek : Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía ; Latin : Idūmaea ) was a Semite -inhabited historical region of the Southern Levant located south of Judea and the Dead Sea mostly in the Negev . It is mentioned in biblical records as a 1st millennium BC Iron Age kingdom of Edom, and in classical antiquity the cognate name Idumea was used to refer to a smaller area in the same region. The Hebrew word Edom means "red", and the name was later given to Esau , the elder son of the Hebrew patriarch Isaac , because he was born "red all over". Later, as a young adult, he ate "red pottage", a term the writer used in irony, reinforcing Esau's second name. The Tanakh and the New Testament both describe the Edomites as descendants of Esau.

Areas in dark red show the approximate boundary of classical-age Idumaea. Edom ( / ˈ iː d ə m / ; Edomite : 𐤀𐤃𐤌 ’Edām ; ʼÉḏōm , lit.: "red"; Uduma ; ) was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west and the Arabian Desert to the south and east. Most of its former territory is now divided between Israel and Jordan . Edom appears in written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant , such as the Hebrew Bible and Egyptian and Mesopotamian records. In classical Greek , the name was rendered as the cognate Idumea , which geographically was a smaller area in the same general region. Edom and Idumea are two related but distinct terms which are both related to a historically-contiguous population but two separate, if adjacent, territories which were occupied by the Edomites/Idumeans in different periods of their history. The Edomites first established a kingdom ("Edom") in the southern area of modern-day Jordan and later migrated into the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah ("Idumea", or modern-day southern Israel/Negev) when Judah was first weakened and then destroyed by the Babylonians , in the 6th century BC. Edom is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible and it is also mentioned in a list of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I from c. 1215 BC as well as in the chronicle of a campaign by Ramesses III (r. 1186–1155 BC). The Edomites, who have been archaeologically identified, were a Semitic people who probably arrived in the region around the 14th century BC. Archaeological investigation showed that the country flourished between the 13th and the 8th century BC and was destroyed after a period of decline in the 6th century BC by the Babylonians. After the loss of the kingdom, the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern Judah by nomadic tribes coming from the east; among them were the Nabataeans , who first appeared in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and already established their own kingdom in what used to be Edom, by the first half of the 2nd century BC. More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah and parts of the Negev down to Timna had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/86 BC, both by peaceful penetration and by military means and taking advantage of the already-weakened state of Judah. Once pushed out of their territory, the Edomites settled during the Persian period in an area comprising the southern hills of Judea down to the area north of Be'er Sheva . The people appear under a Greek form of their old name, as Idumeans or Idumaeans, and their new territory was called Idumea or Idumaea ( Greek : Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía ; Latin : Idūmaea ), a term that was used in New Testament times. " 'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results" .

Iron age nation in the southern Levant "Edomite" redirects here. Edom ( / ˈ iː d ə m / ; Edomite : 𐤀𐤃𐤌 ʾDM ; ʾĔḏōm , lit.: "red"; Akkadian : 𒌑𒁺𒈪 Údumi , 𒌑𒁺𒈬 Údumu ; Ancient Egyptian : jdwmꜥ ) was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan , located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east. Most of its former territory is now divided between present-day southern Israel and Jordan . Edom appears in written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant . Edomites are related in several ancient sources including the Tanakh , a list of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I from c. 1215 BC as well as in the chronicle of a campaign by Ramesses III (r. 1186–1155 BC). Archaeological investigation has shown that the nation flourished between the 13th and the 8th centuries BC and was destroyed after a period of decline in the 6th century BC by the Babylonians. After the fall of the kingdom of Edom, the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern Judah by nomadic tribes coming from the east; among them were the Nabataeans , who first appeared in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and had already established their own kingdom in what used to be Edom by the first half of the 2nd century BC. More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah and parts of the Negev down to Timna had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/86 BC, both by peaceful penetration and by military means and taking advantage of the already-weakened state of Judah. Once pushed out of their territory, the Edomites settled during the Persian period in an area comprising the southern hills of Judea down to the area north of Be'er Sheva . The people appear under a Greek form of their old name, as Idumeans or Idumaeans , and their new territory was called Idumea or Idumaea ( Greek : Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía ; Latin : Idūmaea ), a term that was used in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, also mentioned in the New Testament . During the 2nd century BC, the Edomites were forcibly converted to Judaism by the Hasmoneans , and were incorporated into the Jewish nation . Edom and Idumea are two related but distinct terms; they relate to a historically-contiguous population but to two separate, if adjacent, territories which the Edomites/Idumeans occupied in different periods of their history. The Edomites first established a kingdom ("Edom") in the southern area of modern-day Jordan and later migrated into the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah ("Idumea", modern-day Mount Hebron ) when Judah was first weakened and then destroyed by the Babylonians in the 6th century BC. " 'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results" .

Ancient kingdom in the southern Levant "Edomite" redirects here. Edom ( / ˈ iː d ə m / ; Edomite : 𐤀𐤃𐤌 ʾDM ; Hebrew : אֱדוֹם ʾĔḏōm , lit.: "red"; Akkadian : 𒌑𒁺𒈪 Údumi , 𒌑𒁺𒈬 Údumu ; Ancient Egyptian : jdwmꜥ ) was an ancient kingdom that stretched across areas in the south of present-day Jordan and Israel . Edom and the Edomites appear in several written sources relating to the late Bronze Age and to the Iron Age in the Levant , including the list of the Egyptian pharaoh Seti I from c. 1215 BC as well as in the chronicle of a campaign by Ramesses III (r. 1186–1155 BC), and the Tanakh . Archaeological investigation has shown that the nation flourished between the 13th and the 8th centuries BC and was destroyed after a period of decline in the 6th century BC by the Babylonians . After the fall of the kingdom of Edom, the Edomites were pushed westward towards southern Judah by nomadic tribes coming from the east; among them were the Nabataeans , who first appeared in the historical annals of the 4th century BC and had already established their own kingdom in what used to be Edom by the first half of the 2nd century BC. More recent excavations show that the process of Edomite settlement in the southern parts of Judah and parts of the Negev down to Timna had started already before the destruction of the kingdom by Nebuchadnezzar II in 587/86 BC, both by peaceful penetration and by military means and taking advantage of the already-weakened state of Judah. Once pushed out of their territory, the Edomites settled during the Persian period in an area comprising the southern hills of Judea down to the area north of Be'er Sheva . The people appear under a Greek form of their old name, as Idumeans or Idumaeans , and their new territory was called Idumea or Idumaea ( Greek : Ἰδουμαία, Idoumaía ; Latin : Idūmaea ), a term that was used in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, also mentioned in the New Testament . During the 2nd century BC Hasmoneans , the Edomites converted to Judaism and became part of the Jewish population ; Herod the Great was of Edomite origin. Whether this was voluntary or forced is a matter of debate among scholars. Edom and Idumea are two related but distinct terms; they relate to a historically-contiguous population but to two separate, if adjacent, territories which the Edomites/Idumeans occupied in different periods of their history. The Edomites first established a kingdom ("Edom") in the southern area of modern-day Jordan and later migrated into the southern parts of the Kingdom of Judah ("Idumea", modern-day Mount Hebron ) when Judah was first weakened and then destroyed by the Babylonians in the 6th century BC. Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land (Revised and updated ed.). " 'Edomite', 'Negbite'and 'Midianite' pottery from the Negev desert and Jordan: instrumental neutron activation analysis results" . In Ben-Yosef, Sefi (ed.). Israel Guide - Judaea (A useful encyclopedia for the knowledge of the country) (in Hebrew). OCLC 745203905 . : CS1 maint: year ( link ) Eph'al, Israel (1998).