Yom Kippur War

bunching Belligerents Egypt Syria Arab Expeditionary Forces: Iraq Jordan Morocco Saudi Arabia Libya Kuwait Algeria Sudan Other Expeditionary Forces: Cuba North Korea Israel Commanders and leaders Anwar Sadat Hafez al-Assad Ahmad Ismail Ali Mustafa Tlass Saad El Shazly General Shakkour Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy Hosni Mubarak Naji Jamil Abdul Munim Wassel Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel Mohammed Aly Fahmy Abu Zikry Omar Abrash (KIA) Golda Meir Moshe Dayan David Elazar Shmuel Gonen Haim Bar-Lev Israel Tal Yitzhak Hofi Benjamin Peled Benjamin Telem Rafael Eitan Moshe Peled Albert Mandler (KIA) Abraham Adan Ariel Sharon Kalman Magen Strength Egypt : 300,000 deployed (100,000 crossed), 1,700 tanks (1,020 crossed), 2,400 armored carriers, 1,120 artillery units, 400 combat aircraft, 140 helicopters, 104 Navy vessels, 150 surface to air missile batteries (62 in the front line) Syria : 60,000 deployed (28,000 in initial offensive), 1,200 tanks, 800–900 armored carriers, 600 artillery units, 350 aircraft, 36 helicopters, 21 Navy vessels, 36 surface to air missile batteries (25 in the front line) Iraq : 30,000 troops, 250–500 tanks, 500 armored carriers, 200 artillery units, 73 aircraft 415,000 troops, 2,300 tanks, 3,000 armored carriers, 945 artillery units, 440 combat aircraft, 84 helicopters, 160 other kinds of aircraft, 38 Navy vessels Casualties and losses 8,000 –18,500 dead 18,000 -35,000 wounded 8,372 captured Egyptians 392 captured Syrians 13 captured Iraqis 6 captured Moroccans 2,300 tanks destroyed or captured 341 –514 planes destroyed 19 naval vessels including 10 missile boats sunk 2,521 –2,800 dead 7,250 -8,800 wounded 293 captured 400 tanks destroyed 600 tanks damaged and returned to service 102 planes destroyed bunching bunching Arab-Israeli conflict bunching The Yom Kippur War , Ramadan War or October War ( ; transliterated : Milẖemet Yom HaKipurim or מלחמת יום כיפור, Milẖemet Yom Kipur ; ; transliterated : ħarb Aktoobar or حرب تشرين, ħarb Tishrin ), also known as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the Fourth Arab-Israeli War , was fought from October 6 to October 26, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states backing Egypt and Syria . The war began with a joint surprise attack on Yom Kippur , the holiest day in Judaism , which coincided with the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. Egypt and Syria respectively crossed cease-fire lines to enter the Israeli-held Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights , which had been captured and occupied since the 1967 Six-Day War . The conflict had all the elements of a severe international crisis, and ended with a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union , both of whom launched massive resupply efforts to their allies during the war. The war began with a massive and successful Egyptian attack across the heavily-fortified Suez Canal during the first three days, after which they dug in, and the southern front settled into a stalemate . In the north, the Syrians simultaneously attacked the critical Golan Heights and initially achieved threatening gains, after which their momentum waned. Within a week, Israel repelled the Syrian attack and launched a four-day counter-offensive, driving deeper into Syria. To relieve this pressure, the Egyptians renewed their offensive, but decisively failed to advance; the Israelis then counterattacked at the seam between two Egyptian armies, crossed the Suez Canal, and advanced southward and eastward in over a week of heavy fighting. Israel encircled elements of Egypt's Third Army after an agreed United Nations ceasefire resolution. This initially prompted tension between the superpowers, but a ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war. By the end of the fighting, Israeli forces were 40 kilometers from Damascus and 101 kilometers from Cairo . The war had far-reaching implications for many nations. The Arab World , which had been humiliated by the lopsided rout of the Egyptian-Syrian-Jordanian alliance during the Six-Day War, felt psychologically vindicated by successes early in the conflict. In Israel, despite impressive operational and tactical achievements on the battlefield, the war effectively ended the sense of invincibility and complacency. The war also challenged many American assumptions and it pursued newfound efforts at mediation and peacemaking. These changes combined paved the way for the subsequent peace process. The Camp David Accords that followed brought the return of the Sinai to Egypt and normalized relations—the first peaceful recognition of Israel by an Arab country. Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and left the Soviet sphere entirely. ,References: Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975.

With the exception of isolated attacks on Israeli territory on 6 and 9 October, the military combat actions during the war took place on Arab territory, mostly in the Sinai and the Golan Heights. Egypt and Syria wanted to regain the Sinai and the Golan Heights respectively. Sadat wanted also to reopen the Suez Canal. Both did not plan to destroy Israel, although the Israeli leaders could not be sure of it. The war began when the Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in the Israeli-occupied territories on Yom Kippur , the holiest day in Judaism, which also occurred that year during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan . Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, which had been captured by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War . Both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and this led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers. The war began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal . After crossing the cease-fire lines, Egyptian forces advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula . After three days, Israel had mobilized most of its forces and managed to halt the Egyptian offensive, settling into a stalemate . The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli-held territory. Within three days, however, Israeli forces had managed to push the Syrians back to the pre-war ceasefire lines. They then launched a four-day counter-offensive deep into Syria. Within a week, Israeli artillery began to shell the outskirts of Damascus . As Egyptian president Anwar Sadat began to worry about the integrity of his major ally, he believed that capturing two strategic passes located deeper in the Sinai would make his position stronger during the negotiations. He therefore ordered the Egyptians to go back on the offensive, but the attack was quickly repulsed. The Israelis then counterattacked at the seam between the two Egyptian armies, crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt, and began slowly advancing southward and westward towards Suez in over a week of heavy fighting that inflicted heavy casualties on both sides. On October 22 a United Nations-brokered ceasefire quickly unraveled, with each side blaming the other for the breach. By October 24, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of Egypt's Third Army and the city of Suez. This development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. As a result, a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war. The war had far-reaching implications. The Arab World , which had been humiliated by the lopsided rout of the Egyptian–Syrian–Jordanian alliance in the Six-Day War, felt psychologically vindicated by early successes in the conflict. In Israel, despite impressive operational and tactical achievements on the battlefield, the war led to recognition that there was no guarantee it would always dominate the Arab states militarily. These changes paved the way for the subsequent peace process. The 1978 Camp David Accords that followed led to the return of the Sinai to Egypt and normalized relations—the first peaceful recognition of Israel by an Arab country. Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely. Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956-2006 . 107: Fayard. The War of Atonement . Little, Brown and Company. . The Yom Kippur War . The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War .

October 1973 war between Israel and the Arab states Egypt and Syria Belligerents Israel Supported by : United States Egypt Syria Expeditionary forces : Jordan Iraq Saudi Arabia Libya Tunisia Algeria Morocco Cuba Supported by : Soviet Union Commanders and leaders Golda Meir Moshe Dayan David Elazar Israel Tal Shmuel Gonen Yitzhak Hofi Binyamin Peled Haim Bar-Lev Albert Mandler † Ariel Sharon Benjamin Telem Anwar Sadat Hafez al-Assad Ahmad Ismail Ali Mustafa Tlass Saad El Shazly Yusuf Shakkour Abdel Ghani el-Gammasy Ali Aslan Omar Abrash † Strength 375,000 –415,000 troops 1,700 tanks 3,000 armored carriers 945 artillery units 440 combat aircraft Egypt : 650,000 –800,000 troops (200,000 crossed) 1,700 tanks (1,020 crossed) 2,400 armored carriers 1,120 artillery units 400 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 naval vessels 150 surface-to-air missile batteries (62 in the front line) Syria : 150,000 troops 1,200 tanks 800–900 armored carriers 600 artillery units Expeditionary Forces *: 100,000 troops 500–670 tanks 700 armored carriers Cuba : 2 tank brigades (1,500 –4,000 troops) Morocco : 5,500 troops 30 tanks 52 combat aircraft Saudi-Arabia: 3,000 troops Total: 914,000–1,067,500 troops 3,430–3,600 tanks 3,900–4,000 armored carriers 1,720 artillery units 452 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 naval vessels 150 surface-to-air missile batteries Casualties and losses 2,521 –2,800 dead 7,250 –8,800 wounded 293 captured 1,063 tanks destroyed, damaged, or captured 407 armored vehicles destroyed or captured 102–387 aircraft destroyed Egypt: 5,000 –15,000 dead 8,372 captured Syria: 3,000 –3,500 dead 392 captured Iraq: 278 dead 898 wounded 13 captured Cuba: 180 dead 250 wounded Jordan: 23 dead 77 wounded Morocco: 6 captured Total casualties: 8,000 –18,500 dead 18,000 –35,000 wounded 8,783 captured 2,250 –2,300 tanks destroyed 341 –514 aircraft destroyed 19 naval vessels sunk The Yom Kippur War , Ramadan War , or October War ( , Milẖemet Yom HaKipurim , or מלחמת יום כיפור , Milẖemet Yom Kipur ; , Ḥarb ʾUktōbar , or حرب تشرين , Ḥarb Tišrīn ), also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War , was a war fought from 6 to 25 October, 1973, by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel . The war took place mostly in Sinai and the Golan — occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War —with some fighting in African Egypt and northern Israel. Egypt's initial war objective was to use its military to seize a foothold on the east bank of the Suez Canal and use this to negotiate the return of the rest of Sinai. The war began when the Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions, on Yom Kippur , a widely observed day of rest, fasting, and prayer in Judaism, which also occurred that year during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan . Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed ceasefire lines to enter the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights, respectively. Both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, and these efforts led to a near-confrontation between the two nuclear superpowers. The war began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal . Egyptian forces crossed the cease-fire lines, then advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula. After three days, Israel had mobilized most of its forces and halted the Egyptian offensive, resulting in a military stalemate . The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli-held territory. Within three days, however, Israeli forces had pushed the Syrians back to the pre-war ceasefire lines. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) then launched a four-day counter-offensive deep into Syria. Within a week, Israeli artillery began to shell the outskirts of Damascus , and Egyptian President Sadat began to worry about the integrity of his major ally. He believed that capturing two strategic passes located deeper in the Sinai would make his position stronger during post-war negotiations; he therefore ordered the Egyptians to go back on the offensive, but their attack was quickly repulsed. The Israelis then counter-attacked at the seam between the two Egyptian armies, crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt, and began slowly advancing southward and westward towards the city of Suez in over a week of heavy fighting that resulted in heavy casualties on both sides. On 22 October, a United Nations –brokered ceasefire unraveled, with each side blaming the other for the breach. By 24 October, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of Egypt's Third Army and the city of Suez. This development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, and a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on 25 October to end the war. The war had far-reaching implications. The Arab world had experienced humiliation in the lopsided rout of the Egyptian–Syrian–Jordanian alliance in the Six-Day War but felt psychologically vindicated by early successes in this conflict. The war led Israel to recognize that, despite impressive operational and tactical achievements on the battlefield, there was no guarantee that they would always dominate the Arab states militarily, as they had consistently through the earlier 1948 Arab–Israeli War , the Suez Crisis , and the Six-Day War . These changes paved the way for the subsequent peace process . The 1978 Camp David Accords that followed led to the return of the Sinai to Egypt and normalized relations—the first peaceful recognition of Israel by an Arab country. Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and eventually left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely. Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . The Aviationist . 24 June 2013 . Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 . 107: Fayard. Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War . The War of Atonement . Little, Brown and Company. . The Yom Kippur War . The fact that the war ended with Israeli troops stationed in the outskirts of Cairo and in complete encirclement of the Egyptian third army has not dampened the jubilant commemoration of the war in Egypt." (p 11) "Ultimately, the conflict provided a military victory for Israel, but it is remembered as 'the earthquake' or 'the blunder'" Ian Bickerton (2 February 2012). The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . A Never Ending Conflict . Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro . The Inside Story of the Yom Kippur war, 1973 .

1973 war between Israel and a coalition of Arab states Belligerents Israel Egypt Syria Saudi Arabia Algeria Jordan Iraq Libya Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Cuba Soviet Union North Korea Pakistan Commanders and leaders Golda Meir Ephraim Katzir Moshe Dayan David Elazar Israel Tal Shmuel Gonen Yitzhak Hofi Binyamin Peled Haim Bar-Lev Albert Mandler † Ariel Sharon Anwar Sadat Hafez al-Assad Ahmad Ismail Ali Mustafa Tlass Saad El Shazly Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy Strength 375,000 –415,000 troops 1,700 tanks 3,000 armored carriers 945 artillery units 440 combat aircraft Egypt : 650,000 –800,000 troops (200,000 crossed) 1,700 tanks (1,020 crossed) 2,400 armored carriers 1,120 artillery units 400 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 naval vessels 150 surface-to-air missile batteries (62 in the front line) Syria : 150,000 troops 1,200 tanks 800–900 armored carriers 600 artillery units Expeditionary Forces : 120,000 troops 500–670 tanks 700 armored carriers Saudi Arabia: 23,000 troops (3,000 crossed) Morocco : 5,500 troops 30 tanks provided by Syria 52 combat aircraft Cuba : 500 –1,000 troops Total: 914,000–1,067,500 troops 3,430–3,600 tanks 3,900–4,000 armored carriers 1,720 artillery units 452 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 naval vessels 150 surface-to-air missile batteries Casualties and losses 2,521 –2,800 dead 7,250 –8,800 wounded 293 captured 400 tanks destroyed, 663 damaged or captured 407 armored vehicles destroyed or captured 102–387 aircraft destroyed Egypt: 5,000 –15,000 dead 8,372 captured Syria: 3,000 –3,500 dead 392 captured Morocco: 6 captured Iraq: 278 dead 898 wounded 13 captured Cuba: 180 dead 250 wounded Jordan: 23 dead 77 wounded Total casualties: 8,000 –18,500 dead 18,000 –35,000 wounded 8,783 captured 2,250 –2,300 tanks destroyed 341 –514 aircraft destroyed 19 naval vessels sunk The Yom Kippur War , also known as the Ramadan War , the October War , the 1973 Arab–Israeli War , or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War , was an armed conflict fought from October 6 to 25, 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria . The majority of combat between the two sides took place in the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights —both of which were occupied by Israel in 1967 —with some fighting in African Egypt and northern Israel . Egypt's initial objective in the war was to seize a foothold on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal and subsequently leverage these gains to negotiate the return of the rest of the Israeli-occupied Sinai Peninsula . The war began on October 6, 1973, when the Arab coalition jointly launched a surprise attack against Israel on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur , which had occurred during the 10th of the Islamic holy month of Ramadan in that year. Following the outbreak of hostilities, both the United States and the Soviet Union initiated massive resupply efforts to their respective allies during the war, which led to a confrontation between the two nuclear-armed superpowers . Fighting commenced when Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed their corresponding ceasefire lines with Israel and entered the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal in Operation Badr and advanced into the Sinai Peninsula; the Syrians launched a coordinated attack in the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made gains into Israeli-held territory. After three days of heavy fighting, Israel halted the Egyptian offensive, resulting in a military stalemate on that front, and pushed the Syrians back to the pre-war ceasefire lines. The Israeli military then launched a four-day-long counter-offensive deep into Syria, and, within a week, Israeli artillery began to shell the outskirts of the Syrian capital of Damascus . Egyptian forces meanwhile pushed for two strategic mountain passes deeper within the Sinai Peninsula, but were repulsed, and Israeli forces counter-attacked by crossing the Suez Canal into Egypt and advancing towards Suez City. On October 22, an initial ceasefire brokered by the United Nations unravelled, with each side blaming the other for the breach. By October 24, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army and Suez City, bringing them within 100 kilometres (62 mi) of the Egyptian capital of Cairo . This development led to dangerously heightened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union (allied with Israel and with the Arab states, respectively) and a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25, 1973, to officially end the war. The Yom Kippur War had far-reaching implications; the Arab world had experienced humiliation in the lopsided rout of the Egyptian–Syrian– Jordanian alliance in 1967, but felt psychologically vindicated by early successes in the 1973 conflict. The Israelis recognized that, despite impressive operational and tactical achievements on the battlefield, there was no guarantee that they would always dominate the Arab states militarily, as they had done consistently throughout the First , Second and Third Arab–Israeli Wars ; these changes paved the way for the Israeli–Palestinian peace process . The 1978 Camp David Accords that followed the war saw Israel return the entire Sinai Peninsula to Egypt and the subsequent 1979 Egyptian–Israeli peace treaty , which marked the first instance of an Arab country recognizing Israel as a legitimate state . Following the achievement of peace with Israel, Egypt continued its drift away from the Soviet Union and eventually left the Soviet sphere of influence entirely. The Aviationist . 24 June 2013 . Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 . 107: Fayard. The Evolution of the Soviet Use of Surrogates in Military Relations with the Third World, with Particular Emphasis on Cuban Participation in Africa . Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War . Pakistan: Islamisation Army And Foreign Policy . The Yom Kippur War 1973 (2): The Sinai . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . The Yom Kippur War . The Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Guide for the Perplexed . Revisiting the Yom Kippur War . A Never Ending Conflict . The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 . ( , Milẖemet Yom HaKipurim , or מלחמת יום כיפור , Milẖemet Yom Kipur ; , Ḥarb ʾUktōbar , or حرب تشرين , Ḥarb Tišrīn ), Rabinovich, Abraham (2004).

1973 war between Israel and a coalition of Arab states Belligerents Israel Egypt Syria Expeditionary forces Saudi Arabia Algeria Jordan Libya Iraq Kuwait Tunisia Morocco Cuba North Korea Commanders and leaders Golda Meir Ephraim Katzir Moshe Dayan David Elazar Israel Tal Shmuel Gonen Yitzhak Hofi Binyamin Peled Haim Bar-Lev Albert Mandler † Ariel Sharon Anwar Sadat Ahmad Ismail Ali Saad El Shazly Hosni Mubarak Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy Hafez al-Assad Mustafa Tlass Strength 375,000 –415,000 troops 1,700 tanks 3,000 armored carriers 945 artillery units 440 combat aircraft Egypt 650,000 –850,000 troops (200,000 crossed) 1,700 tanks (1,020 crossed) 2,400 armored carriers 1,120 artillery units 400 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 naval vessels 150 surface-to-air missile batteries (62 in the front line) Syria 150,000 -300.000 troops 1,200 tanks 800–900 armored carriers 600 artillery units Expeditionary forces 120,000 troops 500–670 tanks 700 armored carriers Saudi Arabia 23,000 troops (3,000 crossed) Morocco 5,500 troops 30 tanks provided by Syria Cuba 500 –1,000 troops Total 914,000–1,067,500 troops 3,430–3,600 tanks 3,900–4,000 armored carriers 1,720 artillery units 452 combat aircraft 140 helicopters 104 naval vessels 150 surface-to-air missile batteries Casualties and losses 2,521 –2,800 dead 7,250 –8,800 wounded 293 captured 400 tanks destroyed, 663 damaged or captured 407 armored vehicles destroyed or captured 102–387 aircraft destroyed Egypt 5,000 –15,000 dead 8,372 captured Syria 3,000 –3,500 dead 392 captured Morocco 6 dead 6 captured Iraq 278 dead 898 wounded 13 captured Cuba 180 dead 250 wounded Jordan 23 dead 77 wounded Kuwait 18 dead Total 8,000 –18,500 dead 18,000 –35,000 wounded 8,783 captured 2,250 –2,300 tanks destroyed 341 –514 aircraft destroyed 19 naval vessels sunk The Yom Kippur War , also known as the 1973 Arab–Israeli War , the fourth Arab–Israeli War , the October War , or the Ramadan War , was fought from 6 to 25 October 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria . Most of the fighting occurred in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights , territories occupied by Israel in 1967 . Some combat also took place in mainland Egypt and northern Israel . Egypt aimed to secure a foothold on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal and use it to negotiate the return of the Sinai Peninsula . The war started on 6 October 1973, when the Arab coalition launched a surprise attack across their respective frontiers during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur , which coincided with the 10th day of Ramadan . The United States and Soviet Union engaged in massive resupply efforts for their allies (Israel and the Arab states, respectively), which heightened tensions between the two superpowers. Egyptian and Syrian forces crossed their respective ceasefire lines with Israel, advancing into the Sinai and Golan Heights. Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal in Operation Badr , establishing positions, while Syrian forces gained territory in the Golan Heights. The Egyptian forces continued the advance into Sinai on 14 October to relieve the Syrian front which was coming under increasing pressure. After three days, Israel halted the Egyptian advance and pushed most of the Syrians back to the Purple Line . Israel then launched a counteroffensive into Syria, shelling the outskirts of Damascus . Israeli forces exploited the failed Egyptian advance to breach the Suez Canal, advancing north toward Ismailia and south toward Suez to sever the Egyptian Second and Third Armies, with some units pushing west. However, their advance met fierce resistance on all fronts. Both sides accepted a UN-brokered ceasefire on 22 October, though it collapsed the day after amid mutual accusations of violations. With the renewed fighting, Israel succeeded in advancing south, materializing the threat to the Third Army’s supply lines, but failed to capture Suez. A second ceasefire on 25 October officially ended the conflict. The Yom Kippur War had significant consequences. The Arab world, humiliated by the 1967 defeat, felt psychologically vindicated by its early and late successes in 1973. These shifts contributed to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , leading to the 1978 Camp David Accords , when Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt, and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty , the first time an Arab country recognized Israel . Egypt drifted away from the Soviet Union, eventually leaving the Eastern Bloc . Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 (in French). The Evolution of the Soviet Use of Surrogates in Military Relations with the Third World, with Particular Emphasis on Cuban Participation in Africa . Israel: A History (Revised ed.). Israel: A History (Revised ed.). "Guerre du Kippour: quand le Maroc et l'Algérie se battaient côte à côte" (in French). The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991 . "قائمة الشرف.. شهداء الكويت في حرب أكتوبر 1973" . al watan . 17 May 2025.