Hudud

Hudud ( Arabic حدود , also transliterated hadud , hudood ; singular hadd , حد , literal meaning "limit", or "restriction") is the word often used in Islamic literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour and the punishments for serious crimes. In Islamic law or Sharia , hudud usually refers to the class of punishments that are fixed for certain crimes that are considered to be "claims of God." They include theft , fornication , consumption of alcohol, and apostasy .

Political Islamic leadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamate Wilayat al-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Criminal Etiquette Adab Gender segregation ( Purdah ) Mahram Honorifics Toilet Economic Hygiene Military Jihad Ghanimah Hudna Istijarah (asylum) Prisoners of war Social Haqq al-Nas ( The right(s) of the people ) Islamic studies v t e Hudud ( Arabic : حدود Ḥudūd , also transliterated hadud , hudood ; singular hadd , حد , literal meaning "limit", or "restriction") is an Islamic concept, based on Quran and Hadith s, that define "crimes against God". These include the religious crimes of adultery , fornication , homosexuality , accusing someone of illicit sex but failing to present four Muslim eye-witnesses, apostasy , consuming intoxicants, transgression, robbery and theft. Under Sharia , the Islamic religious law, hudud crimes trigger a class of punishments which are considered by Muslims to be mandated and fixed by God. These range from public lashing, publicly stoning to death, amputation of hands or public execution. However, public stoning and execution punishments are relatively uncommon in the modern times in most Muslim nations, and are currently witnessed in Muslim nations, such as Saudi Arabia and Iran , that follow strictest interpretation of sharia. Sharia recognizes other crimes that are not hudud crimes. One category of non-hudud crimes is Qisas – considered by sharia to be private dispute between two parties where retaliation as a punishment is allowed. The second category is Tazir – where the punishment is left to an Islamic judge's discretion. Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries .

Category of offense in Islamic law Political Islamic leadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamate Wilayat al-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Criminal Etiquette Adab Gender segregation ( Purdah ) Mahram Honorifics Toilet Economic Hygiene Military Jihad Ghanimah Hudna Istijarah (asylum) Prisoners of war Social Haqq al-Nas ( The right(s) of the people ) Islamic studies v t e Hudud ( Arabic : حدود Ḥudūd , also transliterated hadud , hudood ; plural of hadd , حد ) is an Arabic word meaning "borders, boundaries, limits". In the religion of Islam it refers to punishments that under Islamic law ( shariah ) are mandated and fixed by God . These punishments were rarely applied in pre-modern Islam, and their use in some modern states has been a source of controversy. Traditional Islamic jurisprudence divides crimes into offenses against God and those against man. The former are seen to violate God's hudud or "boundaries", and they are associated with punishments specified in the Quran and in some cases inferred from hadith . The offenses incurring hudud punishments are zina (unlawful sexual intercourse such as fornication), unfounded accusations of zina , drinking alcohol, highway robbery, and some forms of theft. Jurists have differed as to whether apostasy from Islam and rebellion against a lawful Islamic ruler are hudud crimes. Hudud punishments range from public lashing to publicly stoning to death, amputation of hands and crucifixion. Hudud crimes cannot be pardoned by the victim or by the state, and the punishments must be carried out in public. These punishments were rarely implemented in practice, however, because the evidentiary standards were often impossibly high. Based on a hadith, jurists stipulated that hudud punishments should be averted by the slightest doubts or ambiguities ( shubuhat , sing. shubha ). The harsher hudud punishments were meant to deter and to convey the gravity of offenses against God, rather than to be carried out. During the 19th century, sharia-based criminal laws were replaced by statutes inspired by European models nearly everywhere in the Islamic world, except some particularly conservative regions such as the Arabian peninsula. The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia. Reinstatement of hudud punishments has had particular symbolic importance for these groups because of their Quranic origin, and their advocates have often disregarded the stringent traditional restrictions on their application. In practice, in the countries where hudud have been incorporated into the legal code under Islamist pressure, they have often been used sparingly or not at all, and their application has varied depending on local political climate. Their use has been a subject of criticism and debate. Hudud is not the only form of punishment under sharia . Criminals who escaped a hudud punishment could still receive a ta'zir sentence. In practice, since early on in Islamic history, criminal cases were usually handled by ruler-administered courts or local police using procedures that were only loosely related to sharia. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Muslim Martin Luthers and the Paradox of Tradition" . Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries . Shariah: Theory, Practice and Transformations . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Legal Thought and Jurisprudence" . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World .

Category of offense in Islamic law This article is about the concept in Islamic law. Political Islamic leadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamate Wilayat al-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Criminal Etiquette Adab Gender segregation ( Purdah ) Mahram Honorifics Toilet Economic Hygiene Military Jihad Ghanimah Hudna Istijarah (asylum) Prisoners of war Social Haqq al-Nas ( The right(s) of the people ) Islamic studies v t e Hudud ( Arabic : حدود Ḥudūd , also transliterated hudood ; plural of hadd , حد ) is an Arabic word meaning "borders, boundaries, limits". In the religion of Islam , it refers to punishments that under Islamic law ( sharīʿah ) are mandated and fixed by God as per Islam . These punishments were applied in pre-modern Islam, and their use in some modern states has been a source of controversy. Traditional Islamic jurisprudence divides crimes into offenses against God and those against man. The former are seen to violate God's hudud or "boundaries", and they are associated with punishments specified in the Quran and in some cases inferred from hadith . The offenses incurring hudud punishments are zina (unlawful sexual intercourse such as fornication), unfounded accusations of zina , drinking alcohol, highway robbery, and some forms of theft. Jurists have differed as to whether apostasy from Islam and rebellion against a lawful Islamic ruler are hudud crimes. Hudud punishments range from public lashing to publicly stoning to death, amputation of hands and crucifixion. Hudud crimes cannot be pardoned by the victim or by the state, and the punishments must be carried out in public. These punishments were rarely implemented in practice, however, because the evidentiary standards were often impossibly high. Based on a hadith, jurists stipulated that hudud punishments should be averted by the slightest doubts or ambiguities ( shubuhat , sing. shubha ). During the 19th century, Sharia-based criminal laws were replaced by statutes inspired by European models in many parts of the Islamic world, although not in particularly conservative regions such as the Arabian peninsula . The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of Sharia. Reinstatement of hudud punishments has had particular symbolic importance for these groups because of their Quranic origin, and their advocates have often disregarded the stringent traditional restrictions on their application. In practice, in the countries where hudud have been incorporated into the legal code under Islamist pressure, they have often been used sparingly or not at all, and their application has varied depending on local political climate. Their use has been a subject of criticism and debate. Hudud is not the only form of punishment under Sharia . Criminals who escaped a hudud punishment could still receive a ta'zir sentence. In the 21st century , hudud , including amputation of limbs, is part of the legal systems of Brunei , Iran , Nigeria , Saudi Arabia , and Yemen . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Muslim Martin Luthers and the Paradox of Tradition" . Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries . Shariah: Theory, Practice and Transformations . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World .

Category of prescribed punishments in Islamic law This article is about the concept in Islamic law. Political Islamic leadership Caliphate Majlis-ash-Shura Imamate Wilayat al-faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Aman Family Criminal Etiquette Adab Gender segregation ( Purdah ) Mahram Honorifics Toilet Economic Hygiene Military Jihad Ghanimah Hudna Istijarah (asylum) Prisoners of war Social Haqq al-Nas ( The right(s) of the people ) Islamic studies v t e Hudud is an Arabic word meaning "borders, boundaries, limits". The word is applied in classical Islamic literature to punishments (ranging from public lashing, public stoning to death , amputation of hands , crucifixion , depending on the crime), for a limited number of crimes ( murder , adultery , slander , theft , etc.), for which punishments have been determined (or traditionally thought to have been determined) in the verses of Quran . In classical Islamic literature, punishments are mainly of three types; Qisas - diya , Hudud, and Ta'zeer . Hudud covers the punishments given to people who exceed the limits associated with the Quran and deemed to be set by Allah (Hududullah is a phrase repeated several times in the Quran without labeling any type of crime), and in this respect it differs from Ta'zeer ( Arabic : تعزير , lit. ' penalty ' ). These punishments were applied in pre-modern Islam, and their use in some modern states has been a source of controversy. The only crimes for which the punishment is determined in the Quran consists of murder , adultery , slander and theft . Jurists have differed as to whether apostasy from Islam and rebellion against a lawful Islamic ruler stated as hiraba are hudud crimes. Although hiraba along with the way of punishment is mentioned in the Quran, it is narrated that Muhammad applied retaliation , which is a method based on the Quran, for a similar situation, not what is stated in the relevant (5:33) verse. While apostates from religion are only condemned in the Quran—apart from otherworldly punishments—and are asked to "not accept their testimony forever", the classical understanding of sharia punishes them with death and some understandings also accept acts of nonworship such as "abandoning prayer and alms" as apostasy. (See: Ridda wars ) Another examples whose punishments are not specified include 80 lashes for drinking alcohol and stoning to death for adultery of married people. Again, some understandings tend to add homosexual relationships to these crimes, which are defined as an evil act in the Qur'an with an undefined response such as "punish/discipline them" (4ː16). Traditional Islamic jurisprudence ( Arabic : فقه , romanized : fiqh ) divides crimes into offenses against God ( Arabic : جرائم ضد الله ) and those against man ( Arabic : جرائم ضد الناس ). The former are seen to violate God's hudud or "boundaries", and they are associated with punishments specified in the Qur'an and in some cases inferred from ahadith . Hudud crimes cannot be pardoned by the victim or by the state, and the punishments must be carried out in public except murder for this reason. Punishments range from public lashing to publicly stoning to death, amputation of hands and crucifixion. These punishments were rarely implemented in practice, however, because the evidentiary standards were often impossibly high. Based on a hadith, jurists stipulated that hudud punishments should be averted by the slightest doubts or ambiguities. During the 19th century, Sharia-based criminal laws were replaced by statutes inspired by European models in many parts of the Islamic world, although not in particularly conservative regions such as the Arabian peninsula . The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of Sharia. Reinstatement of hudud punishments has had particular symbolic importance for these groups because of their Quranic origin, and their advocates have often disregarded the stringent traditional restrictions on their application. In practice, in the countries where hudud have been incorporated into the legal code under Islamist pressure, they have often been used sparingly or not at all, and their application has varied depending on local political climate. Their use has been a subject of criticism and debate. Hudud is not the only form of punishment under Sharia . Criminals who escaped a hudud punishment could still receive a ta'zir sentence. In the 21st century , hudud , including amputation of limbs, is part of the legal systems of Afghanistan , Brunei , Iran , Mauritania , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Yemen , and northern part of Nigeria . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Sharia and National Law in Muslim Countries . Muslim Martin Luthers and the Paradox of Tradition" . Shariah: Theory, Practice and Transformations . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World .