Jabir ibn Hayyan

persons3 Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān ( ), ( ) (born c. 721 in Tous –died c. 815 in Kufa ) was a prominent polymath : a chemist and alchemist , astronomer and astrologer , engineer , geologist , philosopher , physicist , and pharmacist and physician . He is considered by some to be the " father of chemistry ." His ethnic background is not clear; although some sources state that he was an Arab other sources introduce him as Persian Jābir is held to be the first practical alchemist. As early as the tenth century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jābir was in dispute in Islamic circles. His name was Latinised as "Geber" in the Christian West and in 13th century Europe an anonymous writer produced a non-trivial body of alchemical and metallurgical writings under the pen-name Geber. This person is usually referred to as Pseudo-Geber . " "Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan" " . Geber seems to have been a client of the Azd tribe established in Kufa" Tamara M. Medieval science, technology, and medicine : an encyclopedia .

Abu Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān ( , , often given the nisbahs al- al-Bariqi , al- Azdi , al- Kufi , al- Tusi or al- Sufi ; fl. c. 721 – c. 815), also known as Geber , was a prominent Muslim polymath : a chemist and alchemist , astronomer and astrologer , engineer , geographer , philosopher , physicist , and pharmacist and physician . Born and educated in Tus , he later traveled to Kufa and his father came from Syria ( bilad al-Sham ) . As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jābir was in dispute in Islamic circles. His name was Latinized as "Geber" in the Christian West and in 13th-century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as Pseudo-Geber , produced alchemical and metallurgical writings under the pen-name Geber. Minorsky, The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. As for Djābir's historic personality, Holmyard has suggested that his father was "a certain Azdī called Hayyan, druggist of Kufa... mentioned... in connection with the political machinations that were used by many people, in the eighth century, finally resulted in the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty. Holmyard, Eric John, "Introduction" to The Works of Geber , translated by Richard Russell (London: Dent, 1928), p. vii: "Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan, generally known merely as Jabir, was the son of a druggist belonging to the famous South Arabian tribe of Al- Azd . Medieval science, technology, and medicine: an encyclopedia . The Secrets of Alchemy .

Persian polymath Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Hayyān (Arabic/Persian جابر بن حيان , often given the nisbas , al- Azdi , al- Kufi , al- Tusi or al- Sufi ; fl. c. 721 – c. 815), is the supposed author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic often called the Jabirian corpus. The scope of the corpus is vast and diverse covering a wide range of topics, including alchemy , cosmology , numerology , astrology , medicine , magic , mysticism and philosophy . Popularly known as the father of chemistry , Jabir's works contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known instructions for deriving an inorganic compound ( sal ammoniac or ammonium chloride ) from organic substances (such as plants, blood, and hair) by chemical means. As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jabir was in dispute in Islamic circles. The authorship of all these works by a single figure, and even the existence of a historical Jabir, are also doubted by modern scholars. Instead, Jabir ibn Hayyan is seen more like a pseudonym to whom "underground writings" by various authors became ascribed. Some Arabic Jabirian works (e.g., the "Book of Mercy", and the "Book of Seventy") were translated into Latin under the Latinized name "Geber", and in 13th-century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as pseudo-Geber , started to produce alchemical and metallurgical writings under this name. Minorsky, The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Vol. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. The treatises were probably composed in Iraq by a school of Shiʿite alchemists during the 9th and 10th centuries (Kraus, 1943, Introduction). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE . "Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D"., Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , vol. Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia . "The Abbasid Activist Ḥayyān al-ʿAṭṭār as the Father of Jābir b. Ḥayyān: An Influential Hypothesis Revisited". Encyclopedia Britannica , "Alchemy: Arab alchemy" Darmstaedter, Ernst. "Jābir b. Ḥayyān" , Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three . It has been argued by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan that the pseudo-Geber works were actually translated into Latin from the Arabic (see Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. The Arabic Origin of the Summa and Geber Latin Works: A Refutation of Berthelot, Ruska, and Newman Based on Arabic Sources", in: Ahmad Y. Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry .

Early Islamic alchemist For other people known as Jabir, see Jabir . Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān ( Arabic : أبو موسى جابر بن حيّان , variously called al-Ṣūfī , al-Azdī , al-Kūfī , or al-Ṭūsī ), died c. 806−816, is the purported author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus. The works that survive today mainly deal with alchemy and chemistry , magic , and Shi'ite religious philosophy. However, the original scope of the corpus was vast and diverse, covering a wide range of topics ranging from cosmology , astronomy and astrology , over medicine , pharmacology , zoology and botany , to metaphysics , logic , and grammar . Jabir's works contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known instructions for deriving an inorganic compound ( sal ammoniac or ammonium chloride ) from organic substances (such as plants, blood, and hair) by chemical means. His works also contain one of the earliest known versions of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, a mineralogical theory that would remain dominant until the 18th century. A significant part of Jabir's writings were informed by a philosophical theory known as "the science of the balance" (Arabic: ʿilm al-mīzān ), which was aimed at reducing all phenomena (including material substances and their elements) to a system of measures and quantitative proportions. The Jabirian works also contain some of the earliest preserved Shi'ite eschatological , soteriological and imamological doctrines, which Jabir presented as deriving from his purported master, the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq . As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jabir was in dispute in Islamic scholarly circles. The authorship of all these works by a single figure, and even the existence of a historical Jabir, are also doubted by modern scholars. Instead, Jabir ibn Hayyan is thought to have been a pseudonym used by an anonymous school of Shi'ite alchemists writing in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. Some Arabic Jabirian works (e.g., The Great Book of Mercy , and The Book of Seventy ) were translated into Latin under the Latinized name Geber , and in 13th-century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as pseudo-Geber , started to produce alchemical and metallurgical writings under this name. It has been argued by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan that the pseudo-Geber works were actually translated into Latin from the Arabic (see Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.

Islamic alchemist and polymath For other people known as Jabir, see Jabir . Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān ( Arabic : أَبو موسى جابِر بِن حَيّان , variously called al-Ṣūfī , al-Azdī , al-Kūfī , or al-Ṭūsī ), died c. 806−816, is the purported author of a large number of works in Arabic, often called the Jabirian corpus. The c. 215 treatises that survive today mainly deal with alchemy and chemistry , magic , and Shi'ite religious philosophy. However, the original scope of the corpus was vast, covering a wide range of topics ranging from cosmology , astronomy and astrology , over medicine , pharmacology , zoology and botany , to metaphysics , logic , and grammar . The works attributed to Jabir, which are tentatively dated to c. 850 – c. 950 , contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances, and the oldest known instructions for deriving an inorganic compound ( sal ammoniac or ammonium chloride ) from organic substances (such as plants, blood, and hair) by chemical means. His works also contain one of the earliest known versions of the sulfur-mercury theory of metals, a mineralogical theory that would remain dominant until the 18th century. A significant part of Jabir's writings deal with a philosophical theory known as "the science of the balance" (Arabic: ʿilm al-mīzān ), which was aimed at reducing all phenomena (including material substances and their elements) to a system of measures and quantitative proportions. The Jabirian works also contain some of the earliest preserved Shi'ite imamological doctrines, which Jabir presented as deriving from his purported master, the Shi'ite Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq (died 765). As early as the 10th century, the identity and exact corpus of works of Jabir was in dispute in Islamic scholarly circles. The authorship of all these works by a single figure, and even the existence of a historical Jabir, are also doubted by modern scholars. Instead, Jabir ibn Hayyan is generally thought to have been a pseudonym used by an anonymous school of Shi'ite alchemists writing in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. Some Arabic Jabirian works (e.g., The Great Book of Mercy , and The Book of Seventy ) were translated into Latin under the Latinized name Geber , and in 13th-century Europe an anonymous writer, usually referred to as pseudo-Geber , started to produce alchemical and metallurgical writings under this name. It has been argued by Ahmad Y. Al-Hassan that the pseudo-Geber works were actually translated into Latin from the Arabic (see Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.