Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent

During the middle ages, several Islamic regimes established empires in India .

During the late Middle Ages , several Islamic empires were established in South Asia .

Beginning in the 12th century, several Islamic states were established in the Indian subcontinent in the course of a gradual Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent . This process culminated in the Mughal Empire , which ruled most of India during the mid-16th to mid-19th centuries. The Islamic rule gradually declined due to dominance of Maratha rule and several other rebellions (case during entire period of mughal rule past Akbar). The eventual end of the period of Islamic rule of India is marked by the two main events Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the beginning of British rule , although Islamic rule persisted in Hyderabad State and other minor princely states until Union of India in 1948. However, most Islamic rule had started to wane in the 17th and 18th century before that.

Era in South Asia characterized by Muslim rule Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent (712–1757) is conventionally said to have started in 712, after the conquest of Sindh and Multan by the Umayyad caliphate . It began in the Indian subcontinent in the course of a gradual conquest . The perfunctory rule by the Ghaznavids in Punjab was followed by Ghurids , and Sultan Muhammad of Ghor (r.1173–1206) is generally credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in Northern India. From the late 12th century onwards, Muslim empires dominated the subcontinent, most notably the Delhi sultanate and Mughal empire . Various other Muslim kingdoms ruled most of South Asia from the mid-14th to late 18th centuries, including the Bahmani , Bengal , Gujarat , Malwa , Mysore , Carnatic and Deccan Sultanates . Though the Muslim dynasties in India were diversed in origin, they were linked together by the Persianate culture and Islam. The height of Islamic rule was marked during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (r.1658–1707), during which the Fatawa Alamgiri was compiled, which briefly served as the legal system of Mughal empire. Additional Islamic policies were re-introduced in South India by Mysore's de facto king Tipu Sultan . Sharia was used as the primary basis for the legal system in the Delhi Sultanate, most notably during the rule of Firuz Shah Tughlaq and Alauddin Khilji , who repelled the Mongol invasions of India . On the other hand, rulers such as Akbar adopted a secular legal system and enforced religious neutrality. Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent. Persian and Arabic vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to modern Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while creating new languages including Urdu and Deccani , used as official languages under Muslim dynasties. This period also saw the birth of Hindustani music , Qawwali and the further development of dance forms such as Kathak . Religions such as Sikhism and Din-e-Ilahi were born out of a fusion of Hindu and Muslim religious traditions as well. The eventual end of the period of Muslim rule of modern India is mainly marked with the beginning of British Raj in 1857, although its aspects persisted in Hyderabad State , Junagadh State , Jammu and Kashmir State and other minor princely states until the mid of the 20th century. Today's modern Bangladesh , Maldives and Pakistan are the Muslim majority nations in the Indian subcontinent while India has the largest Muslim minority population in the world numbering over 180 million. Some Aspects of Muslim Administration . Art Thou That Prophet? . Concise History of Islam . Aurangzeb And The Decay Of The Mughal Empire . Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West .

Era in South Asia characterized by Muslim rule The Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent or Indo-Muslim period is conventionally said to have started in 712, after the conquest of Sindh and Multan by the Umayyad Caliphate under the military command of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim . It began in the Indian subcontinent in the course of a gradual conquest . The perfunctory rule by the Ghaznavids in Punjab was followed by Ghurids , and Sultan Muhammad of Ghor (r. 1173–1206) is generally credited with laying the foundation of Muslim rule in Northern India. From the late 12th century onwards, Muslim empires dominated the subcontinent, most notably the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire . Various other Muslim kingdoms ruled most of South Asia from the mid-14th to late 18th centuries, including the Bahmani , Bengal , Gujarat , Malwa , Kashmir , Multan , Mysore , Carnatic and Deccan Sultanates . Though the Muslim dynasties in India were diverse in origin, they were linked together by the Persianate culture and Islam. The height of Islamic rule was marked during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707), during which the Fatawa Alamgiri was compiled, which briefly served as the legal system of Mughal Empire. Additional Islamic policies were re-introduced in South India by Mysore's de facto king Tipu Sultan . Sharia was used as the primary basis for the legal system in the Delhi Sultanate, most notably during the rule of Firuz Shah Tughlaq and Alauddin Khilji , who repelled the Mongol invasions of India . On the other hand, rulers such as Akbar adopted a secular legal system and enforced religious neutrality. Muslim rule in India saw a major shift in the cultural, linguistic, and religious makeup of the subcontinent. Persian and Arabic vocabulary began to enter local languages, giving way to modern Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati, while creating new languages including Hindustani and its dialect, Deccani , used as official languages under Muslim dynasties. This period also saw the birth of Hindustani music , Qawwali . Religions such as Sikhism and Din-e-Ilahi were born out of a fusion of Hindu and Muslim religious traditions as well. In the 18th century the Islamic influence in India begin to decline following the decline of the Mughal Empire , resulting in former Mughal territory conquered rival powers such as the Maratha Empire . However, Islamic rule would still remain under regional Nawabs and Sultans . Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, large parts of India were colonized by the East India Company , eventually establishing the British Raj in 1857. Regional Islamic rule would remain under princely states , such as Hyderabad State , Junagadh State , and other minor princely states until the mid of the 20th century. Some Aspects of Muslim Administration . Art Thou That Prophet? . Concise History of Islam . Aurangzeb And The Decay Of The Mughal Empire . Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance . The Dawn of Indian Music in the West .