Pale of Settlement

Map showing the Pale of Settlement with the percentages of Jewish population (circa 1905). The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости , cherta osedlosti ) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia , in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited. It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line, to the western Russian border with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary . The Pale comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia, and largely corresponded to historical borders of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ; it included much of present-day Lithuania , Belarus , Poland , Moldova , Ukraine , and parts of western Russia . At a number of cities within the pale also, Jews were excluded from residency. A limited number of categories of Jews were allowed to live outside the pale. The word pale derives ultimately from the Latin word palus , meaning stake ( palisade is derived from the same root). From this derivation came the figurative meaning of "boundary", and the concept of a pale as an area within which local laws were valid. The "pale", with its Christian and Jewish populations, was acquired by the Russian Empire in a series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers between 1791 and 1835, and lasted until the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917.

This article refers to the Pale in Imperial Russia. Pale may also refer to any of several other jurisdictions and has other meanings. The Pale of Settlement circled with the red line The Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland , with the percentages of Jewish population c. 1905 The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости , chertá osédlosti , , der tkhum-ha-moyshəv , , tḥùm ha-mosháv ) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited. It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line, to the western Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire ) and with Austria-Hungary . The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus , a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. Jews were, however, excluded from residency at a number of cities within the Pale, while a limited number of categories of Jews were allowed to live outside it. With its large Catholic and Jewish populations, the Pale was acquired by the Russian Empire (which was majority Russian Orthodox ) in a series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers between 1791 and 1835, and lasted until the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917. It comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical borders of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ; it included much of present-day Lithuania , Belarus , Poland , Moldova , Ukraine , and parts of western Russia .

The Pale of Settlement The Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland , with the percentages of Jewish population c. 1905 The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости , chertá osyédlosti , , der tkhum-ha-moyshəv , , tẖum hammosháv ) was a western region of Imperial Russia with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A limited number of Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans , some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes the servants of these. The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus , a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. The Pale of Settlement included all of Belarus , Lithuania and Moldova , much of Ukraine , parts of eastern Latvia , eastern Poland , and some parts of western Russia , roughly corresponding to the Kresy macroregion and modern-day western border of Russia. It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line, to the Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire ) and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Furthermore, it composed about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Cossack Hetmanate , and the Ottoman Empire (with Crimean Khanate ). Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants—emigration, especially in the late 19th century, resulted. Even so, Jewish culture, especially in Yiddish , developed in the shtetls (small villages), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshiva (religious schools), and were also carried abroad. The Russian Empire in the period of the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian . The area included in the Pale—with its large Jewish, Uniate and Catholic populations—was acquired through a series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers, between 1654 and 1815. While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy , the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalistic in nature. The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, and then ultimately, the fall of the Russian Empire in the February and October Revolutions of 1917. Черта оседлости. КЕЭ, том 9, кол. 1188–1198 "pale, n.1." OED Online . The Pale was the part of medieval Ireland controlled by the English government.

Region of the Russian Empire where Jewish residents were allowed to reside This article is about the Pale in Imperial Russia. The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости ( pre-1918 spelling (Черта́ осѣдлости)) , chertá osédlosti ; , der tkhum hamóyshev ; , t'ẖum hammosháv ) was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 ( de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans , some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus , a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day Belarus and Moldova , much of Lithuania , Ukraine and east-central Poland , and relatively small parts of Latvia and what is now the western Russian Federation . It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire ) and Austria-Hungary . Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Cossack Hetmanate , the Ottoman Empire (with Yedisan ), Crimean Khanate , and eastern Principality of Moldavia ( Bessarabia ). Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture , especially in Yiddish , developed in the shtetls (small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshivot (religious schools) and was also carried abroad. The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian , in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy , the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature. The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army, and then ultimately in 1917 with the end of the Russian Empire as a result of the February Revolution . Черта оседлости. "Settlement line" ) KEE, volume 9, col. 1188–1198 eleven.co.il "pale, n.1." OED Online .

Region of the Russian Empire where Jewish residents were allowed to reside This article is about the Pale in Imperial Russia. The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 ( de facto until 1915) in which permanent settlement by Jews was allowed and beyond which the creation of new Jewish settlements, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Some Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans , some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. Pale is an archaic term meaning an enclosed area. Jews were also allowed to settle in colonies outside of the Pale, such as in Siberia. The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day Belarus and Moldova , much of Lithuania , Ukraine and east-central Poland , and relatively small parts of Latvia and what is now the western Russian Federation . It extended from the eastern pale , or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire ) and Austria-Hungary . Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Cossack Hetmanate , the Ottoman Empire (with Yedisan ), Crimean Khanate , and eastern Principality of Moldavia ( Bessarabia ). Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture , especially in Yiddish , developed in the shtetls (small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshivas (religious schools) and was also carried abroad. The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian , in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy , the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature. The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading Imperial German Army , and then ultimately in 1917 with the end of the Russian Empire as a result of the February Revolution . There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). Черта оседлости.