Timur

Statue of Timur in Samarkand , Uzbekistan Timur , (also known as Temur , Taimur , Timur Lenk , Timur i Leng , Tamerlane , Tamburlaine , or Taimur-e-Lang , which translates to Timur the Lame , as he was lame after sustaining an injury in battle) ( 1336 –February 1405 ) was a renowned 14th century Tatar / Turco-Persian conqueror, ruler of the Timurid Empire ( 1370 –1405) in Central Asia , and founder of the Timurid dynasty , which survived until 1506 .

Timur (from the Perso-Arabic form تیمور Tīmūr , ultimately from Chagatai ( Middle Turkic ) Temür " iron "; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), normally known as Tamerlane (from Tīmūr-e Lang ) in English, was a 14th-century conqueror of much of western and central Asia , founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia, and great great grandfather of Babur , the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived until 1857 as the Mughal Empire of India. Born into the Turco-Mongol Barlas tribe who ruled in Central Asia, Timur was in his lifetime a controversial figure, and remains so today. He sought to restore the Mongol Empire, yet his heaviest blow was against the Islamized Tatar Golden Horde . He was more at home in an urban environment than on the steppe . He styled himself a ghazi yet some Muslim states, e.g. the Ottoman Empire , were severely affected by his wars. A great patron of the arts, his campaigns also caused vast destruction. Timur told the qadis of Aleppo , during the sack of that newly-conquered city,"I am not a man of blood; and God is my witness that in all my wars I have never been the aggressor, and that my enemies have always been the authors of their own calamity." " Timur ", Encyclopædia Britannica , Online Academic Edition, 2007. "Central Asia, history of Timur ", in Encyclopædia Britannica , Online Edition, 2007., Quotation: "... Timur first united under his leadership the Turko-Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers. ..." History of Central Asia , Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 13 Dec. 2008. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang" , in Encyclopaedia of Islam . " Timur " The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05. He is also called Timur Leng [Timur the lame]. He was the son of a tribal leader, and he claimed (apparently for the first time in 1370) to be a descendant of Jenghiz Khan. With an army composed of Turks and Turkic-speaking Mongols, remnants of the empire of the Mongols, Timur spent his early military career in subduing his rivals in what is now Turkistan; by 1369 he firmly controlled the entire area from his capital at Samarkand. We know definitely that the leading clan of the Barlas tribe traced its origin to Qarchar Barlas, head of one of Chaghadai's regiments ... These then were the most prominent members of the Ulus Chaghadai: the old Mongolian tribes - Barlas, Arlat, Soldus and Jalayir ..." M.S. This Mongol tribe had settled […] in the valley of Kashka Darya, intermingling with the Turkish population, adopting their religion (Islam) and gradually giving up its own nomadic ways, like a number of other Mongol tribes in Transoxania …" [1] " Islamic world ", in Encyclopædia Britannica , Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: " Timur (Tamerlane) was of Mongol descent and he aimed to restore Mongol power. ..." "Central Asia, history of Timur ", in Encyclopædia Britannica , Online Edition, 2007. (Quotation:" ...Timur first united under his leadership the Turko-Mongol tribes located in the basins of the two rivers. " " Timurids ", in Encyclopædia Britannica , Online Edition, 2007. Quotation: " Timurid dynasty (fl. 15th–16th century AD),Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. Timur's tribe, the Barlas, had Mongol origins but had become Turkic-speaking ... However, Barlus tribe is considered one of the original Mongol tribes and there are "Barlus Ovogton" people who belong to Barlus tribe in modern Mongolia. Nomadic Empires: From Mongolia to the Danube translated by A.M. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill.

"Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect here. ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Timur ( Timūr , Chagatai : Temür , ; died 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane ( Timūr(-e) Lang , "Timur the Lame"), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror and the founder of the Timurid dynasty in Central Asia . Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana during the 1320s or 1330s, Timur gained control of the Western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western , South and Central Asia and emerged as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world after defeating the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria , the emerging Ottoman Empire and the declining Delhi Sultanate . From these conquests he founded the Timurid Empire, although it fragmented shortly after his death. Timur is considered the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe , and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Gunpowder Empires in the 1500s and 1600s. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan . He even justified his Iranian, Mamluk and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers[.]" As a means of legitimating his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam" and patronizing educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. "Temur, a non-Chinggisid, tried to build a double legitimacy based on his role as both guardian and restorer of the Mongol Empire." Timur also decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at Smyrna , styling himself a ghazi . By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate , Ilkhanate , and Golden Horde and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty . Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which were laid waste by his campaigns. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population . He was the grandfather of the renowned Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg , who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur , founder of the Mughal Empire , which ruled parts of South Asia for over three centuries, from 1526 until 1857. Timur is also recognized as a great patron of art and architecture, as he interacted with Muslim intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru . / ˈ t æ m ər l eɪ n / Josef W. After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400-2000 . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world .

Turco-Mongol military leader and conqueror (1336–1405) "Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect here. Timur or Tamerlane (8 April 1336 – 17–19 February 1405) was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan , Iran , and Central Asia , becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty . An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun , Hafez , and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance . Born into the Turkicized Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan ) in the 1320s, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western , South , and Central Asia , the Caucasus , and Southern Russia , defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde , the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria , the emerging Ottoman Empire , and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world . From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire , which fragmented shortly after his death. He spoke several languages, including Chagatai , an ancestor of modern Uzbek , Mongolic and Persian , in which he wrote diplomatic correspondence. Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe , and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of the Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire and according to Gérard Chaliand , saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. According to Beatrice Forbes Manz , "in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers." To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He styled himself as a ghazi in the last years of his life . By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate , the Ilkhanate , and the Golden Horde , and had even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Three years before his death, he inflicted heavy blows on the emerging Ottoman Empire , he defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara and the Knights Hospitaliers at the Siege of Smyrna . Furthermore, he maintained cordial relations with numerous Western Christian countries, such as France or Spain . According to Jean-Paul Roux , Timur was a paradoxical man. His wars, undertaken in the name of the Jihad , paradoxically resulted in the ruin or weakening of the greatest powers of Islam ." Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of millions of people. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur's campaigns have been characterized as genocidal . Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg , who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire , which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . The birthdate commonly ascribed to Tīmūr, 25 S̲h̲aʿbān 736/8 April 1336, is probably an invention from the time of his successor S̲h̲āh Ruk̲h̲ [q.v.], the day chosen for astrological meaning and the year to coincide with the death of the last Il-K̲h̲ān : CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( link ) Marozzi, Justin (2004). Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, conqueror of the world . After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000 . Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World . Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor : Unknown parameter |authors= ignored ( help ) Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia . The History of Nations Volume 14 . Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. translated by A.M. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. And although he wielded absolute power, he never called himself more than an emir.", "Timur Leng (Tamerlane) Timur, known as the lame (1336–1405) was a Muslim Turk from the Umus of Chagatai who saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir." Forbes Manz, Beatrice (April 1998). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . Les batailles qui ont changé l'histoire (in French). Narrative of the embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403-6 . unknown library. London, Printed for the Hakluyt society. Four studies on the History of Central Asia, vol. 1 (Second Printing ed.). In Freedman-Apsel, Joyce; Fein, Helen (eds.). There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).

Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405) "Tamerlane" and "Tamerlan" redirect here. Timur , also known as Tamerlane (1320s – 17/18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan , Iran , and Central Asia , becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty . An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture, for he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun , Hafez , and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance . Born into the Turkicized Mongol confederation of the Barlas in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan ) in the 1320s, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base he led military campaigns across Western , South , and Central Asia, the Caucasus , and Southern Russia , defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde , the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria , the emerging Ottoman Empire , as well as the late Delhi Sultanate of India , becoming the most powerful ruler in the Muslim world . From these conquests he founded the Timurid Empire , which fragmented shortly after his death. He spoke several languages, including Chagatai , an ancestor of modern Uzbek , as well as Mongolic and Persian , in which he wrote diplomatic correspondence. Timur was the last of the major nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe , and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of the Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire and according to Gérard Chaliand , saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referring to himself as the "Sword of Islam". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He styled himself as a ghazi in the last years of his life. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate , and the Golden Horde, and had even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of millions of people. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur's campaigns have been characterized as genocidal . He was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg , who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire . The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: the Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A. After Tamerlane: the rise and fall of global empires, 1400–2000 . Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World . Afghanistan A Country Study . Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor International Association for Mongol Studies (2002). Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгч Н. Багабандийн ивээлд болж буй Олон Улсын Монголч Эрдэмтний VIII их хурал (Улаанбаатар хот 2002. VIII. 5–11): Илтгэлүүдийн товчлол [ Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia (Ulaanbaatar city 2002): Summary of presentations ] (in Mongolian). First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan. The History of Nations . Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis Khan. Berrett, Transaction Publishers, 2004. translated by A.M. He aspired to recreate the empire of his ancestors. He was a military genius who loved to play chess in his spare time to improve his military tactics and skill. Four studies on the History of Central Asia . In Freedman-Apsel, Joyce; Fein, Helen (eds.). There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ).