Averroes

Abū 'l-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd ( ), better known just as Ibn Rushd ( ), and in European literature as Averroes ( ) (1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath ; a master of Islamic philosophy , Islamic theology , Maliki law and jurisprudence , logic , psychology , politics , Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine , astronomy , geography , mathematics , physics and celestial mechanics . He was born in Córdoba , Al Andalus, modern-day Spain , and died in Marrakesh , modern-day Morocco . His school of philosophy is known as Averroism . He has been described by some as the founding father of secular thought in Western Europe and "one of the spiritual fathers of Europe ," although other scholars oppose such claims. His name is also seen as Averroës , Averroès or Averrhoës , indicating that the "o" and the "e" form separate syllables. Averroes is a Latinate distortion of the actual Arab name Ibn Rushd . "Averroès et l'Averroïsme : essai historique" [1] H-Net Review: Eric Ormsby on Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence Majid Fakhry (2001). Averroes: His Life, Works and Influence . Dangerous Knowledge: Orientalism and its Discontents .

Averroës ( / ə ˈ v ɛr oʊ ˌ iː z / ; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198) is the Latinized form of Ibn Rushd ( ), full name ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn ʾAḥmad Ibn Rušd ( أبو الوليد محمد ابن احمد ابن رشد ), a medieval Andalusian polymath . He wrote on logic , Aristotelian and Islamic philosophy , theology , the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence , psychology , political and Andalusian classical music theory, geography , mathematics , and the mediæval sciences of medicine , astronomy , physics , and celestial mechanics . Averroes was born in Córdoba , Al Andalus (present-day Spain ), and died at Marrakesh in present-day Morocco . His body was interred in his family tomb at Córdoba. The 13th-century philosophical movement based on Averroes's work is called Averroism . Averroes was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against Ash'ari theologians led by Al-Ghazali . Although highly regarded as a legal scholar of the Maliki school of Islamic law , Averroes's philosophical ideas were considered controversial in Ash'arite Muslim circles. Averroes had a greater impact on Christian Europe: he has been described as the "founding father of secular thought in Western Europe" and was known by the sobriquet the Commentator for his detailed emendations to Aristotle . Latin translations of Averroes's work led the way to the popularization of Aristotle.

Ibn Rushd ( ; full name in ; 14 April 1126 – 11 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes (English pronunciation: / ə ˈ v ɛr oʊ iː z / ), was a Muslim Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy , theology , medicine , astronomy , physics , psychology , mathematics , Islamic jurisprudence and law , and linguistics . The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle , for which he was known in the West as The Commentator and Father of rationalism . Ibn Rushd also served as a chief judge and a court physician for the Almohad Caliphate . He was born in Córdoba in 1126 to a family of prominent judges—his grandfather was the chief judge of the city. In 1169 he was introduced to the caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf , who was impressed with his knowledge, became his patron and commissioned many of Averroes' commentaries. Averroes later served multiple terms as a judge in Seville and Córdoba. In 1182, he was appointed as court physician and the chief judge of Córdoba. After Abu Yusuf's death in 1184, he remained in royal favor until he fell into disgrace in 1195. He was targeted on various charges—likely for political reasons—and was exiled to nearby Lucena . He returned to royal favor shortly before his death on 11 December 1198. Averroes was a strong proponent of Aristotelianism ; he attempted to restore what he considered the original teachings of Aristotle and opposed the Neoplatonist tendencies of earlier Muslim thinkers, such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna . He also defended the pursuit of philosophy against criticism by Ashari theologians such as Al-Ghazali . Averroes argued that philosophy was permissible in Islam and even compulsory among certain elites. He also argued scriptural text should be interpreted allegorically if it appeared to contradict conclusions reached by reason and philosophy. In Islamic jurisprudence, he wrote the Bidāyat al-Mujtahid on the differences between Islamic schools of law and the principles that caused their differences. In medicine, he proposed a new theory of stroke, described the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease for the first time, and might have been the first to identify the retina as the part of the eye responsible for sensing light. His medical book Al-Kulliyat fi al-Tibb, translated into Latin and known as the Colliget , became a textbook in Europe for centuries. His legacy in the Islamic world was modest for geographical and intellectual reasons. In the West, Averroes was known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle, many of which were translated into Latin and Hebrew. The translations of his work reawakened Western European interest in Aristotle and Greek thinkers, an area of study that had been widely abandoned after the fall of the Roman Empire . His thoughts generated controversies in Latin Christendom and triggered a philosophical movement called Averroism based on his writings. His unity of the intellect thesis, proposing that all humans share the same intellect, became one of the most well-known and controversial Averroist doctrines in the West. His works were condemned by the Catholic Church in 1270 and 1277. Although weakened by condemnations and sustained critique from Thomas Aquinas , Latin Averroism continued to attract followers up to the sixteenth century. Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE . Averroism is a philosophical movement named after the sixth/twelfth-century Andalusian philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 595/1198), which began in the thirteenth century among masters of arts at the University of Paris and continued through the seventeenth century. Andalucía : a cultural history .

Arab Andalusian Muslim writer and philosopher (1126–1198) "The Commentator" redirects here. Ibn Rushd ( ; full name in ; 14 April 1126 – 11 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes ( English: / ə ˈ v ɛr oʊ iː z / ), was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy , theology , medicine , astronomy , physics , psychology , mathematics , Islamic jurisprudence and law , and linguistics . The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle , for which he was known in the Western world as The Commentator and Father of Rationalism . Averroes was a strong proponent of Aristotelianism ; he attempted to restore what he considered the original teachings of Aristotle and opposed the Neoplatonist tendencies of earlier Muslim thinkers, such as Al-Farabi and Avicenna . He also defended the pursuit of philosophy against criticism by Ashari theologians such as Al-Ghazali . Averroes argued that philosophy was permissible in Islam and even compulsory among certain elites. He also argued scriptural text should be interpreted allegorically if it appeared to contradict conclusions reached by reason and philosophy. In Islamic jurisprudence, he wrote the Bidāyat al-Mujtahid on the differences between Islamic schools of law and the principles that caused their differences. In medicine, he proposed a new theory of stroke , described the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease for the first time, and might have been the first to identify the retina as the part of the eye responsible for sensing light. His medical book Al-Kulliyat fi al-Tibb , translated into Latin and known as the Colliget , became a textbook in Europe for centuries. His legacy in the Islamic world was modest for geographical and intellectual reasons. In the West, Averroes was known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle, many of which were translated into Latin and Hebrew. The translations of his work reawakened western European interest in Aristotle and Greek thinkers, an area of study that had been widely abandoned after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . His thoughts generated controversies in Latin Christendom and triggered a philosophical movement called Averroism based on his writings. His unity of the intellect thesis, proposing that all humans share the same intellect, became one of the best-known and most controversial Averroist doctrines in the West. His works were condemned by the Catholic Church in 1270 and 1277. Although weakened by condemnations and sustained critique from Thomas Aquinas , Latin Averroism continued to attract followers up to the sixteenth century. Averroism is a philosophical movement named after the sixth/twelfth-century Andalusian philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 595/1198), which began in the thirteenth century among masters of arts at the University of Paris and continued through the seventeenth century. : |journal= ignored ( help ) Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Andalucía : a cultural history .

Andalusian Muslim polymath (1126–1198) "The Commentator" redirects here. Ibn Rushd (14 April 1126 – 11 December 1198), archaically Latinized as Averroes , was an Andalusian Muslim polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy , theology , medicine , astronomy , physics , psychology , mathematics , neurology , Islamic jurisprudence and law , and linguistics . The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle , for which he was known in the Western world as The Commentator and Father of Rationalism . Averroes was a strong proponent of Aristotelianism ; he attempted to restore what he considered the original teachings of Aristotle and opposed the Neoplatonist tendencies of earlier Muslim thinkers, such as al-Farabi and Avicenna . He also defended the pursuit of philosophy against criticism by Ash'ari theologians such as Al-Ghazali . Averroes argued that philosophy was permissible in Islam and even compulsory among certain elites. He also argued scriptural text should be interpreted allegorically if it appeared to contradict conclusions reached by reason and philosophy. In Islamic jurisprudence, he wrote the Bidāyat al-Mujtahid on the differences between Islamic schools of law and the principles that caused their differences. In medicine, he proposed a new theory of stroke , described the signs and symptoms of Parkinson's disease for the first time, and might have been the first to identify the retina as the part of the eye responsible for sensing light. His medical book Al-Kulliyat fi al-Tibb , translated into Latin and known as the Colliget , became a textbook in Europe for centuries. His legacy in the Islamic world was modest for geographical and intellectual reasons. In the West, Averroes was known for his extensive commentaries on Aristotle, many of which were translated into Latin and Hebrew. The translations of his work reawakened western European interest in Aristotle and Greek thinkers, an area of study that had been widely abandoned after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . His thoughts generated controversies in Latin Christendom and triggered a philosophical movement called Averroism based on his writings. His unity of the intellect thesis, proposing that all humans share the same intellect, became one of the best-known and most controversial Averroist doctrines in the West. His works were condemned by the Catholic Church in 1270 and 1277. Although weakened by condemnations and sustained critique from Thomas Aquinas , Latin Averroism continued to attract followers up to the sixteenth century. There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or templates on this page, but the references will not show without a template or template (see the help page ). Andalucía : a cultural history . Averroism is a philosophical movement named after the sixth/twelfth-century Andalusian philosopher Ibn Rushd (Averroes, d. 595/1198), which began in the thirteenth century among masters of arts at the University of Paris and continued through the seventeenth century.