Wikipedia's first sentence called it “scholar of jewish philosophy”. Today it says “american jewish theologian”. The one-line description Wikipedia serves to search engines and AI systems read “American rabbi and philosopher (1941-present)”. It now reads “American rabbi and philosopher (born 1941)”.
Measured, not asserted. Every count, date and revision on this page was taken from Wikipedia's own history and checked against the live article. The words quoted are theirs.
Machine-checked against the full current article on 2026-08-03.
We saved snapshots of this article over twenty years; you are reading the 2005 one. Red dashes: removed from Wikipedia since.Pale dots: rewritten; the numbered note shows what it says now.Red text: written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot.1 tap a number or a side note to jump between them
The opening as it read in 2005
David Novak is a scholar of Jewish philosophy, law ( Halakha ) and ethics. He has rabbinical ordination and has trained with Catholic moral theologians. Novak taught at the University of Virginia and subsequently at the University of Toronto . Novak has contributed to Jewish ethics by advocating a Jewish social ethics drawn from both the natural law tradition and Halakha. To this end, he interprets the rabbinic approach to Noahide law as a useful grounding for cross-cultural moral reasoning. He also writes extensively on Jewish-Christian relations . His expertise includes Maimonides , John Courtney Murray , and Paul Tillich . His specific normative claims in Jewish ethics include a curious mix of what may be characterized as liberal and right-wing positions. Novak had been affiliated with the liberal-leaning Conservative movement in Judaism and then shifted to the "Traditional Judaism" offshoot.1
This is Wikipedia's own text, saved in our repository. Their copy of it is revision 17553257.
The opening as it stood in 2010
David Novak (1941-) is a scholar of Jewish philosophy, law ( Halakha ) and ethics.He has Conservative rabbinical ordination and has trained with Catholic moral theologians .Trained at Georgetown University, Novak has taught at the University of Virginia and currently teaches at the University of Toronto . Novak has contributed to Jewish ethics by advocating a Jewish social ethics drawn from both the natural law tradition and Halakha. To this end, he interprets the rabbinic approach to Noahide laws as a useful grounding for cross-cultural moral reasoning. He also writes extensively on Jewish-Christian relations . His expertise includes Maimonides , John Courtney Murray , and Paul Tillich . His specific normative claims in Jewish ethics include a curious mix of what may be characterized as liberal and right-wing positions. An ordained rabbi, Novak had been affiliated with the Conservative movement in Judaism and then shifted to the Union for Traditional Judaism .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 366914181.
The opening as it stood in 2015 9 passages from the previous snapshot no longer appear
David Novak (born 1941 in Chicago , Illinois ) is a Jewish theologian , ethicist , and scholar of Jewish philosophy and law ( Halakha ).He is an ordained Conservative rabbi and has also trained with Catholic moral theologians .Since 1997 he has taught religion and philosophy at the University of Toronto ; his areas of interest are Jewish theology, ethics and biomedical ethics , political theory (with a special emphasis on natural law theory) and Jewish-Christian relations .Novak has authored 16 books and more than 200 articles in scholarly journals.His book Covenantal Rights: A Study in Jewish Political Theory (Princeton University Press, 2000) was named best book in constructive religious thought by the American Academy of Religion in 2000.He is a regular contributor to ABC News' Religion and Ethics Portal.He frequently addresses interfaith conferences and contributes to books and journals published by Christian theologians.University of Toronto – Department for the Study of Religion. 2011 .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 665293602.
The opening as it stood in 2020
David Novak (born August 19th, 1941 in Chicago , Illinois ) is a theologian , ethicist , and scholar of Jewish philosophy and law ( Halakha ). He is an ordained Conservative rabbi and has also trained with Catholic moral theologians . Since 1997 he has taught religion and philosophy at the University of Toronto ; his areas of interest are Jewish theology, ethics and biomedical ethics , political theory (with a special emphasis on natural law theory) and Jewish-Christian relations . Novak has authored 16 books and more than 200 articles in scholarly journals. His book Covenantal Rights: A Study in Jewish Political Theory (Princeton University Press, 2000) was named best book in constructive religious thought by the American Academy of Religion in 2000. He is a regular contributor to ABC News' Religion and Ethics Portal. He frequently addresses interfaith conferences and contributes to books and journals published by Christian theologians. University of Toronto – Department for the Study of Religion. 2011 .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 945730720.
The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023
American rabbi and philosopher (1941-present) This article is about the philosopher and theologian.David Novak , FRSC (born August 19, 1941, in Chicago , Illinois ) is a Jewish theologian , ethicist , and scholar of Jewish philosophy and law ( Halakha ).He is an ordained Conservative rabbi and holds the J.Richard and Dorothy Shiff Chair of Jewish Studies as Professor of the Study of Religion and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto since 1997.His areas of interest are Jewish theology, Jewish ethics and biomedical ethics , political theory (with a special emphasis on natural law ), and Jewish-Christian relations . Novak has authored 16 books and more than 200 articles in scholarly journals . His book Covenantal Rights: A Study in Jewish Political Theory ( Princeton University Press , 2000) won the American Academy of Religion Award for "best book in constructive religious thought" in 2000.He is a regular contributor to the ABC News ' Religion and Ethics portal. He frequently addresses interfaith conferences and contributes to books and journals published by Christian theologians . University of Toronto – Department for the Study of Religion. 2020 . University of Toronto – Department of Philosophy. 2020 .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1169244820.
The opening as it stood in 2025
American rabbi and philosopher (1941-present) This article is about the philosopher and theologian. David Novak , FRSC (born August 19, 1941) is an American Jewish theologian , ethicist , and scholar of Jewish philosophy and law ( Halakha ). He is an ordained Conservative rabbi and holds the J. Richard and Dorothy Shiff Chair of Jewish Studies as Professor of the Study of Religion and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto since 1997. His areas of interest are Jewish theology, Jewish ethics and biomedical ethics , political theory (with a special emphasis on natural law ), and Jewish–Christian relations . Novak has authored 16 books and more than 200 articles in scholarly journals . His book Covenantal Rights: A Study in Jewish Political Theory ( Princeton University Press , 2000) won the American Academy of Religion Award for "best book in constructive religious thought" in 2000. He is a regular contributor to the ABC News ' Religion and Ethics portal. He frequently addresses interfaith conferences and contributes to books and journals published by Christian theologians . University of Toronto – Department for the Study of Religion. 2020 . University of Toronto – Department of Philosophy. 2020 .
Red text was written in or rewritten since the previous snapshot. Their copy is revision 1292716920. This is our newest snapshot; the live article may have moved again since.
Today
Wikipedia's first sentence called it “scholar of jewish philosophy”. Today it says “american jewish theologian”. The one-line description Wikipedia serves to search engines and AI systems read “American rabbi and philosopher (1941-present)”. It now reads “American rabbi and philosopher (born 1941)”. Read the current article and compare.
2005
2010
2015
2020
Oct '23
2025
Counts in the opening at each snapshot. Green: the word gained ground. Red: it was cut. Grey: no change.
What Wikipedia says this is
Every article opens by defining its subject. This one was redefined since 2005, and today's defining sentence is their current revision.
Then
scholar of jewish philosophy
Now
american jewish theologian
Struck red text is no longer in the article; dotted amber text was rewritten. Every revision id links to Wikipedia's copy; the text shown is our own saved copy. Data: /data. Wikipedia text is CC BY-SA; quoted for the record; not affiliated with Wikipedia.