History of Islam

Muslim history involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution . The evolution of Islam has impacted the political, economic, and military history of an enormous geography. The concept of the Islamic world is useful in observing the different periods of Islamic history; similarly useful is an understanding of the identification with a quasi-political community of believers, or ummah , on the part of Islam's practitioners down the centuries. Islamic culture encourages identification with the ummah, and this principle has influenced the behavior of a number of players in history. The history of Islam is closely tied to the political, economic, and military. A century after the death of Muhammad, an Islamic empire extended from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to Central Asia in the east. The subsequent empires of the Umayyads , Abbasids , the Fatimids , the Mughals , the Safavids , and Ottomans were among the largest and most powerful in the world. The Islamic civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, nurses and philosophers during the Golden Age of Islam . Technology flourished; there was much investment in economic infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and canals; and especially, the importance of reading the Qur'an produced a comparatively high level of literacy in the general populace. Later, in the eighteenth century and nineteenth century, many Islamic regions fell under the tutelage of European imperial powers. After the First World War , the remnants of the Ottoman empire were parcelled out as European protectorates . Since 1924, there has been no major widely accepted claim to the caliphate (which had been last claimed by the Ottomans). Although affected by various ideologies such as communism , during much of the twentieth century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues have arguably increased during the early twenty-first century.

Dotted lines indicate multiple generations. v t e The history of Islam concerns the religion of Islam and its adherents, Muslims . "Muslim" is an Arabic word meaning "one who submits to God ". Muslims and their religion have greatly impacted the political , economic , and military history of the Old World , especially the Middle East , where its roots lie. Though it is believed by non-Muslims to have originated in Mecca and Medina , Muslims believe that the religion of Islam has been present since the time of the prophet Adam . Muslims believe that prophets Noah , Abraham , Moses , Jesus , among others, were all Islamic prophets, and they have equal veneration in the Qur'an . The Islamic world expanded to include people of the Islamic civilization, inclusive of non-Muslims living in that civilization. A century after the death of last Islamic prophet Muhammad , the Islamic empire extended from Al-Andalus ( Spain ) in the west to Indus in the east. The subsequent empires such as those of the Abbasids , Fatimids , Almoravids , Seljukids , Ajuuraan , Adal and Warsangali in Somalia , Mughals in India and Safavids in Persia and Ottomans were among the influential and distinguished powers in the world. The Islamic civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, doctors, nurses and philosophers during the Golden Age of Islam . Technology flourished; there was investment in economic infrastructure, such as irrigation systems and canals; and the importance of reading the Qur'an produced a comparatively high level of literacy in the general populace. In the later Middle Ages, destructive Mongol invasions from the East, and the loss of population in the Black Death , greatly weakened the traditional centre of the Islamic world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer most Arabic-speaking areas, creating an Islamic world power again, although one that was unable to master the challenges of the Early Modern period. Later, in modern history (18th and 19th centuries), many Islamic regions fell under the influence of European Great Powers . After the First World War , Ottoman territories (a Central Powers member) were partitioned into several nations under the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres .

Historical development of Islam The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic and cultural developments of Islamic civilization . Most historians accept that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, approximately 600 years after the founding of Christianity , with the revelations received by the prophet Muhammad . Muslims regard Islam as a return to the original faith of the prophets , such as Jesus , Solomon , David , Moses , Abraham , Noah and Adam , with the submission ( islam ) to the will of Allah , God. According to tradition, in 610 CE , the Islamic Prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations, calling for submission to the one God, the expectation of the imminent Last Judgement and taking care for the poor and needy. Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from Meccan notables . In 622, a few years after losing protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib , Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (now known as Medina). With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community during the Rashidun Caliphate . By the 8th century, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyads and Abbasid Caliphate (in the Middle East and later in Spain and Southern Italy ), Fatimids , Seljuks , Ayyubids and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world. Highly persianized empires built by the Samanids , Ghaznavids , Ghurids made significant developments. The Islamic Golden Age gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable polymaths , astronomers , mathematicians , physicians and philosophers during the Middle Ages . By the early 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate conquered the northern Indian subcontinent , while Turkic dynasties like the Sultanate of Rum and Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane (Timur) from the East, along with the loss of population in the Black Death , greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world, stretching from Persia to Egypt , but saw the emergence of the Timurid Renaissance and major global economic powers such as West Africa 's Mali Empire and South Asia 's Bengal Sultanate . Following the deportation and enslavement of the Muslim Moors from the Emirate of Sicily and other Italian territories , the Islamic Spain was gradually conquered by Christian forces during the Reconquista . Nonetheless, in the Early Modern period , the states of the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders —the Ottoman Turkey , Safavid Iran and Mughal India —emerged as great world powers. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the Islamic world fell under the influence or direct control of European " Great Powers ." Their efforts to win independence and build modern nation-states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day, as well as fuel conflict-zones in regions such as Palestine , Kashmir , Xinjiang , Chechnya , Central Africa , Bosnia and Myanmar . The Oil boom stabilized the Arab states of the Persian Gulf , making them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focuses on free trade and tourism . Islam and the Integration of Society . Islam: The Straight Path (3rd ed.) . Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians . [...] Another major theme of Muhammad's early preaching, [... is that] there is a power greater than man's, and that the wise will acknowledge this power and cease their greed and suppression of the poor." F. [...] Meccan merchants then discovered that a religious revolution might be dangerous to their fairs and their trade." F. Bengal: the unique state . Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. Historical Dictionary of Mali . Sand to Silicon: Going Global .

History development of Islam This article is about the history of Islam as a culture and polity. Page from the Sanaa manuscript . The "subtexts" revealed using UV light are very different from today's standard edition of the Quran . The German scholar of Quranic palaeography Gerd R. Puin affirms that these textual variants indicate an evolving text. A similar view has been expressed by the British historian of Near Eastern studies Lawrence Conrad regarding the early biographies of Muhammad ; according to him, Islamic views on the birth date of Muhammad until the 8th century CE had a diversity of 85 years span. Religions Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Faith Druze Indic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism East Asian Taoism Confucianism Shinto Neopagan Wicca v t e The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization . Most historians believe that Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE. Muslims regard Islam as a return to the original faith of the Abrahamic prophets , such as Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses , David , Solomon , and Jesus , with the submission ( Islām ) to the will of God . According to the traditional account , the Islamic prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations in 610 CE , calling for submission to the one God, the expectation of the imminent Last Judgement, and caring for the poor and needy. Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers (the ṣaḥāba ) and was met with increasing opposition from Meccan notables . In 622 CE, a few years after losing protection with the death of his influential uncle ʾAbū Ṭālib ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib , Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (now known as Medina). With the death of Muhammad in 632 CE, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community during the Rāshidūn Caliphate . The early Muslim conquests were responsible for the spread of Islam . By the 8th century CE, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from Muslim Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates (in the Middle East and later in Spain and Southern Italy ), the Fatimids , Seljuks , Ayyubids , and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world. Highly Persianized empires built by the Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ghurids significantly contributed to technological and administrative developments. The Islamic Golden Age gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable polymaths , astronomers , mathematicians , physicians , and philosophers during the Middle Ages . By the early 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate conquered the northern Indian subcontinent , while Turkic dynasties like the Sultanate of Rum and Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive Mongol invasions and those of Tamerlane (Timur) from the east, along with the loss of population due to the Black Death , greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world, stretching from Persia to Egypt , but saw the emergence of the Timurid Renaissance and major global economic powers such as the Mali Empire in West Africa and the Bengal Sultanate in South Asia . Following the deportation and enslavement of the Muslim Moors from the Emirate of Sicily and other Italian territories , the Islamic Iberia was gradually conquered by Christian forces during the Reconquista . Nonetheless, in the early modern period , the states of the Age of the Islamic Gunpowders — Ottoman Turkey , Mughal India , and Safavid Iran —emerged as world powers. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the Muslim world fell under the influence or direct control of the European Great Powers . Some of their efforts to win independence and build modern nation-states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day, as well as fuel conflict-zones in regions such as Palestine , Kashmir , Xinjiang , Chechnya , Central Africa , Bosnia , and Myanmar . The oil boom stabilized the Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (comprising Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates ), making them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focus on capitalism , free trade , and tourism . "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition". Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies . 50 (2). Islam and the Integration of Society . A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam . Islam: The Straight Path (Updated 5th ed.). The Oxford History of Islam . Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians . Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition . Bengal: the unique state . Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. Historical Dictionary of Mali . Sand to Silicon: Going Global . There are <ref group=Note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).

Religions Abrahamic Judaism Christianity Islam Bahá'í Faith Druze Indic Hinduism Buddhism Jainism Sikhism East Asian Taoism Confucianism Shinto Neopagan Wicca v t e The history of Islam is believed, by most historians, to have originated with Muhammad 's mission in Mecca and Medina at the start of the 7th century CE, although Muslims regard this time as a return to the original faith passed down by the Abrahamic prophets , such as Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses , David , Solomon , and Jesus , with the submission ( Islām ) to the will of God . According to the traditional account , the Islamic prophet Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations in 610 CE, calling for submission to the one God, preparation for the imminent Last Judgement , and charity for the poor and needy. As Muhammad's message began to attract followers (the ṣaḥāba ) he also met with increasing hostility and persecution from Meccan elites . In 622 CE Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (now known as Medina ), where he began to unify the tribes of Arabia under Islam, returning to Mecca to take control in 630 and order the destruction of all pagan idols. By the time Muhammad died c. 11 AH (632 CE), almost all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam, but disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community during the Rashidun Caliphate . The early Muslim conquests were responsible for the spread of Islam . By the 8th century CE, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from al-Andalus in the west to the Indus River in the east. Polities such as those ruled by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates (in the Middle East and later in Spain and Southern Italy ), the Fatimids , Seljuks , Ayyubids , and Mamluks were among the most influential powers in the world. Highly Persianized empires built by the Samanids , Ghaznavids , and Ghurids significantly contributed to technological and administrative developments. The Islamic Golden Age gave rise to many centers of culture and science and produced notable polymaths , astronomers , mathematicians , physicians , and philosophers during the Middle Ages . By the early 13th century, the Delhi Sultanate conquered the northern Indian subcontinent , while Turkic dynasties like the Sultanate of Rum and Artuqids conquered much of Anatolia from the Byzantine Empire throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. In the 13th and 14th centuries, destructive Mongol invasions , along with the loss of population due to the Black Death , greatly weakened the traditional centers of the Muslim world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, but saw the emergence of the Timurid Renaissance and major economic powers such as the Mali Empire in West Africa and the Bengal Sultanate in South Asia . Following the deportation and enslavement of the Muslim Moors from the Emirate of Sicily and elsewhere in southern Italy , the Islamic Iberia was gradually conquered by Christian forces during the Reconquista . Nonetheless, in the early modern period , the gunpowder empires —the Ottomans , Timurids , Mughals , and Safavids —emerged as world powers. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the Muslim world fell under the influence or direct control of the European Great Powers . Some of their efforts to win independence and build modern nation-states over the course of the last two centuries continue to reverberate to the present day, as well as fuel conflict-zones in the MENA region , such as Afghanistan , Central Africa , Chechnya , Iraq , Kashmir , Libya , Palestine , Syria , Somalia , Xinjiang , and Yemen . The oil boom stabilized the Arab States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (comprising Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates ), making them the world's largest oil producers and exporters, which focus on capitalism , free trade , and tourism . Islam and the Integration of Society . A History of Religious Thought in Early Islam . New York: Facts on File. pp. xxi– xxxii. Islam: The Straight Path (5th ed.). The Oxford History of Islam . Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians . Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad . The Life of Muhammad . History of the Arabs . In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad . Bengal: the unique state . Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with. Historical Dictionary of Mali . Sand to Silicon: Going Global . There are <ref group=Note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a template (see the help page ).