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The opening as it read in 2025

Louis Nuremberg trials Denazification Aftermath Bricha Displaced persons Survivors Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany Lists Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jews to death camps Survivors of Sobibor Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp Victims of Nazism Rescue of Jews Memorials and museums Resources Bibliography Bibliography of Nazi Germany The Destruction of the European Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versus intentionalism Remembrance Days of remembrance Memorials and museums Righteous Among the Nations v t e The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years. Jews , a Semitic people descending from the Judeans of Judea in the Southern Levant , began migrating to Europe just before the rise of the Roman Empire (27 BCE), although Alexandrian Jews had already migrated to Rome , and some Gentiles had undergone Judaization on a few occasions. A notable early event in the history of the Jews in the Roman Empire was the 63 BCE siege of Jerusalem , where Pompey had interfered in the Hasmonean civil war . Jews have had a significant presence in European cities and countries since the fall of the Roman Empire, including Italy , Spain , Portugal , France , the Netherlands , Germany , Poland , and Russia . In Spain and Portugal in the late fifteenth century, the monarchies forced Jews to either convert to Christianity or leave and they established offices of the Inquisition to enforce Catholic orthodoxy of converted Jews. These actions shattered Jewish life in Iberia and saw mass migration of Sephardic Jews to escape religious persecution. Many resettled in the Netherlands and re-judaized, starting in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In the religiously tolerant , Protestant Dutch Republic Amsterdam prospered economically and as a center of Jewish cultural life, the " Dutch Jerusalem ". Ashkenazi Jews lived in communities under continuous rabbinic authority. In Europe Jewish communities were largely self-governing autonomous under Christian rulers, usually with restrictions on residence and economic activities. In Poland, from 1264 (from 1569 also in Lithuania as part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ), under the Statute of Kalisz until the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, Jews were guaranteed legal rights and privileges. The law in Poland after 1264 (in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in consequence) toward Jews was one of the most inclusive in Europe. The French Revolution removed legal restrictions on Jews, making them full citizens. Napoleon implemented Jewish emancipation as his armies conquered much of Europe. Emancipation often brought more opportunities for Jews and many integrated into larger European society and became more secular rather than remaining in cohesive Jewish communities. The pre- World War II Jewish population of Europe is estimated to have been close to nine million, or 57% of the world's Jewish population. Around six million Jews were killed in the Holocaust , which was followed by the emigration of much of the surviving population . The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of the European population), or 10% of the world's Jewish population. In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe, followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Ukraine. Prior to the Holocaust, Poland had the largest Jewish population in Europe, as a percentage of its population. This was followed by Lithuania, Hungary, Latvia and Romania. "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 (12): 6769– 6774. The New York Times . Frudakis; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D. Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA .

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The opening as it stood in 2010

The pre- World War II population of European Jews is estimated at close to 9 million (1.5%). About two thirds of these were murdered in the Holocaust of 1940-1945. Further population drain is due to emigration, and the current Jewish population of Europe is estimated at ca. 2 million (0.3%), composed of Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million, mostly German and Polish ) Sephardi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly Spanish ) Mizrahi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French ) Italian Jews (some 50,000, mostly Italian ) Romaniotes (some 6,000, mostly Greek )

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A notable early event in the history of the Jews in the Roman Empire was Pompey's conquest of the East beginning in 63 BCE though Alexandrian Jews had migrated to Rome before this event. The pre- World War II population of the Jews of Europe is estimated at close to 9 million. Around 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust , which was followed by emigration of much of the surviving population . The current Jewish population of Europe is estimated at ca. 2 million (0.3%), composed of Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million, mainly in France , Germany , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , Hungary and Belgium ) Sephardi Jews (about 0.4 million, mainly in France , Turkey , Greece and Bosnia and Herzegovina ) Mizrahi Jews (about 0.3 million, mainly in France , Georgia and the United Kingdom ) Turkish Jews (some 250,000, also known as Djudios Turkos, with minorities of some 20,000 Selaniklis and 25,000 Sephardics ) Italian Jews (some 45,000, mostly Italian ) Romaniotes (some 6,000, mostly Greek ) Georgian Jews (some 8,500, mostly in Georgia , Russia and Belgium ) Armenian Jews (some 750, mostly in Armenia ) Crimean Karaites (some 1,500, mainly in Ukraine , Lithuania and Poland ) Krymchaks (Jews of Turkic descent in Crimea ; some 2000, mainly in Ukraine , Georgia and Russia ) Mountain Jews (Jews of the Caucasus ) [1] Jewish Gen—The Given Names Data Base, 2013. jewishvirtuallibrary projetaladin Dawidowicz, Lucy .

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The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years. Some Jews , a Judaean Israelite tribe from the Levant , migrated to Europe just before the rise of the Roman Empire . A notable early event in the history of the Jews in the Roman Empire was Pompey's conquest of the East beginning in 63 BCE ), although Alexandrian Jews had migrated to Rome before this event. The pre- World War II Jewish population of Europe is estimated to have been close to 9 million, or 57% of Jews worldwide. Around 6 million Jews were killed. in the Holocaust , which was followed by the emigration of much of the surviving population . The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of European population) or 10% of the world’s Jewish population. In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe , followed by the United Kingdom , Germany , Russia and Ukraine . "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 (12): 6769– 6774. The New York Times . Frudakis; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D. Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA . The continuing decline of Europe’s Jewish population "Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Final Solution" . projetaladin Dawidowicz, Lucy .

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The opening as it stood on October 6, 2023 1 passage from the previous snapshot no longer appear

History of the Jewish people in Europe "European Judaism" redirects here. Louis Nuremberg trials Denazification Aftermath Bricha Displaced persons Survivors Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany Lists Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jews to death camps Survivors of Sobibor Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp Victims of Nazism Rescue of Jews Memorials and museums Resources Bibliography Bibliography of Nazi Germany The Destruction of the European Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versus intentionalism Remembrance Days of remembrance Memorials and museums Righteous Among the Nations v t e The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years. Some Jews , a Judaean tribe from the Levant , migrated to Europe just before the rise of the Roman Empire (27 BCE ). Although Alexandrian Jews had already migrated to Rome , a notable early event in the history of the Jews in the Roman Empire was the 63 BCE siege of Jerusalem . The pre- World War II Jewish population of Europe is estimated to have been close to 9 million, or 57% of the world's Jewish population. Around 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust , which was followed by the emigration of much of the surviving population . The Jewish population of Europe in 2010 was estimated to be approximately 1.4 million (0.2% of the European population), or 10% of the world's Jewish population. In the 21st century, France has the largest Jewish population in Europe, followed by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia and Ukraine. Prior to the Holocaust, Poland had the largest Jewish population in Europe, as a percentage of its population. This was followed by Lithuania, Hungary, Latvia and Romania. "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 97 (12): 6769– 6774. The New York Times . Frudakis; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D. Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA .

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