Jewish diaspora

The notion of diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE . Many Middle Eastern Jewish communities were established then as a result of tolerant policies and remained notable centers of Torah life and Judaism for centuries to come. One outcome of that was Babylonian Talmud . The defeat of the Great Jewish Revolt in 70 and of Bar Kokhba's revolt in 135 against the Roman Empire notably contributed to the numbers and geography of diaspora, as many Jews were scattered after losing their state Judea or were sold to slavery throughout the empire. Expulsion of the Jews in the Reign of the Emperor Hadrian (A.D. 135): "How Heraclius turned the Jews out of Jerusalem."--Fac-simile of a Miniature in the "Histoire des Empereurs," Manuscript of the Fifteenth Century, in the Library of the Arsenal, Paris. Subsequent numerous exiles and persecution, as well as political and economic conditions and opportinuties, affected the numbers and dynamics of Jewish diaspora. In today's diaspora, the largest number of Jews (5,671,000 in 2003 ) live in the United States . Israel 's Jewish population, though very diverse in background, is usually not considered as diaspora, was about 5,094,000 in 2003 . See Demographics of Israel . According to the article by Tovah Lazaroff, Jewish people near zero growth published in Jerusalem Post on June 24, 2004.

The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew : Tfoot'za , תפוצה) or Exile (Hebrew: Galut , גלות; Yiddish : Golus ) refers to the dispersion of Israelites and later Jews out of what is considered their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel ) and the communities built by them across the world. In terms of the Hebrew Bible , the term "Exile" denotes the fate of the Israelites who were taken into exile from the Kingdom of Israel during the 8th century BCE, and from the Kingdom of Judah during the 6th century BCE. While in exile, the Judahites became to be known as "Jews" - " Mordecai the Jew" from the Book of Esther being the first biblical mention of the term. The first exile was the Assyrian exile , the expulsion from the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) by Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 733 BCE , and its completion by Sargon II with the destruction of the kingdom in 722 BCE, after the end of the three-year siege that Shalmaneser V started in Samaria . It continued with the exile of a portion of the population of the Kingdom of Judah in 597 BCE with the Babylonian exile . The Babylonian exile ended after 70 years with Cyrus' declaration that the exiled Jews would be allowed to return to Jerusalem and build the Second Temple in Yehud Medinata , an autonomous province of the Achaemenid Empire . Following the Siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE , the Hasmonean kingdom became a protectorate of Rome, and in 6 CE was organized as the Roman province of Judea . The Jews revolted against the Roman Empire in 66 CE during the period known as the First Jewish–Roman War which culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. During the siege, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple and most of Jerusalem . This event marked the beginning of the Roman exile, also called Edom exile. Jewish leaders and elite were exiled, killed or sold into slavery. In 132 CE, the Jews under Bar Kokhba rebelled against Hadrian . In 135 CE, Hadrian's army defeated the Jewish armies and Jewish independence was lost. As a punishment and in order to break the deep bond of the Jews to the land of Israel , Hadrian changed the name of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina , turned it into a pagan city and banned the Jews from living there. Judea and Samaria was renamed by Hadrian to Syria Palaestina . Throughout much of Jewish history , most of the Jews had lived in the Diaspora.

Exile and dispersion of Jews from their ancestral homeland History Communities Population Denominations Orthodox Modern Haredi Hasidic Reform Conservative Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Science Haymanot Humanistic Culture Languages Hebrew Biblical Mishnaic Medieval Modern Bukharian Ghardaïa Sign Jewish Koine Greek Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Aramaic Judeo-Berber Judeo-Gascon Judaeo-Georgian Judaeo-Iranian Judeo-Italian Judeo-Malayalam Judaeo-Spanish Judeo-Tat Knaanic Shassi Yeshivish Yevanic Yiddish Zarphatic Politics Category Portal v t e Semitic men in Assyrian captivity , playing a later form of the Egyptian lyre The Jewish diaspora ( ) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת galut ; Yiddish : golus ) refers to the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel ) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe. In terms of the Hebrew Bible , the term "Exile" denotes the fate of the Israelites who were taken into exile from the Kingdom of Israel during the 8th century BCE, and the Judahites from the Kingdom of Judah who were taken into exile during the 6th century BCE. While in exile, the Judahites became known as "Jews" ( יְהוּדִים , or Yehudim ), " Mordecai the Jew" from the Book of Esther being the first biblical mention of the term. The first exile was the Assyrian exile , the expulsion from the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) begun by Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 733 BCE . This process was completed by Sargon II with the destruction of the kingdom in 722 BCE, concluding a three-year siege of Samaria begun by Shalmaneser V . The next experience of exile was the Babylonian captivity , in which portions of the population of the Kingdom of Judah were deported in 597 BCE and again in 586 BCE by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II . A Jewish diaspora existed for several centuries before the fall of the Second Temple , and their dwelling in other countries for the most part was not a result of compulsory dislocation. Before the middle of the first century CE, in addition to Judea, Syria and Babylonia, large Jewish communities existed in the Roman provinces of Syria Palaestina , Egypt, Crete and Cyrenaica , and in Rome itself; after the Siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE , when the Hasmonean kingdom became a protectorate of Rome, emigration intensified. In 6 CE the region was organized as the Roman province of Judea . The Judean population revolted against the Roman Empire in 66 CE in the First Jewish–Roman War which culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. During the siege, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple and most of Jerusalem . This watershed moment, the elimination of the symbolic centre of Judaism and Jewish identity constrained many Jews to reformulate a new self-definition and adjust their existence to the prospect of an indefinite period of displacement. In 132 CE, Bar Kokhba led a rebellion against Hadrian , a revolt connected with the renaming of Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina . After four years of devastating warfare, the uprising was suppressed, and Jews were forbidden access to Jerusalem. During the Middle Ages , due to increasing migration and resettlement, Jews divided into distinct regional groups which today are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the Ashkenazi of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the Sephardic Jews of Iberia (Spain and Portugal), North Africa and the Middle East . These groups have parallel histories sharing many cultural similarities as well as a series of massacres, persecutions and expulsions, such as the expulsion from Spain in 1492 , the expulsion from England in 1290 , and the expulsion from Arab countries in 1948–1973 . Although the two branches comprise many unique ethno-cultural practices and have links to their local host populations (such as Central Europeans for the Ashkenazim and Hispanics and Arabs for the Sephardim), their shared religion and ancestry, as well as their continuous communication and population transfers, has been responsible for a unified sense of cultural and religious Jewish identity between Sephardim and Ashkenazim from the late Roman period to the present. OCLC 1032680871 . : “Etymology: Hebrew gālūth ” "Diaspora | Judaism" . The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.' E. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 .

Israel + 1,000,000 + 100,000 + 10,000 + 1,000 Scene from Lachish Relief : Judahites from Lachish in Assyrian captivity , playing a later form of the Egyptian lyre The Jewish diaspora ( ) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת gālūṯ ; Yiddish : golus ) is the biblical dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel ) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe. In terms of the Hebrew Bible , the term "Exile" denotes the fate of the Israelites who were taken into exile from the Kingdom of Israel during the 8th century BCE , and the Judahites from the Kingdom of Judah who were taken into exile during the 6th century BCE. While in exile, the Judahites became known as "Jews" ( יְהוּדִים , or Yehudim ), " Mordecai the Jew" from the Book of Esther being the first biblical mention of the term. The first exile was the Assyrian exile , the expulsion from the Kingdom of Israel (Samaria) begun by Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria in 733 BCE. This process was completed by Sargon II with the destruction of the kingdom in 722 BCE, concluding a three-year siege of Samaria begun by Shalmaneser V . The next experience of exile was the Babylonian captivity , in which portions of the population of the Kingdom of Judah were deported in 597 BCE and again in 586 BCE by the Neo-Babylonian Empire under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II . A Jewish diaspora existed for several centuries before the fall of the Second Temple , and their dwelling in other countries for the most part was not a result of compulsory dislocation. Before the middle of the first century CE, in addition to Judea, Syria and Babylonia, large Jewish communities existed in the Roman provinces of Egypt, Crete and Cyrenaica , and in Rome itself; after the Siege of Jerusalem in 63 BCE , when the Hasmonean kingdom became a protectorate of Rome, emigration intensified. In 6 CE the region was organized as the Roman province of Judea . The Judean population revolted against the Roman Empire in 66 CE in the First Jewish–Roman War which culminated in the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. During the siege, the Romans destroyed the Second Temple and most of Jerusalem . This watershed moment, the elimination of the symbolic centre of Judaism and Jewish identity motivated many Jews to formulate a new self-definition and adjust their existence to the prospect of an indefinite period of displacement. In 132 CE, Bar Kokhba led a rebellion against Hadrian , a revolt connected with the renaming of Jerusalem as Aelia Capitolina . After four years of devastating warfare, the uprising was suppressed, and Jews were forbidden access to Jerusalem. During the Middle Ages , due to increasing migration and resettlement, Jews divided into distinct regional groups which today are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the Ashkenazi of Northern and Eastern Europe, and the Sephardic Jews of Iberia (Spain and Portugal), North Africa and the Middle East . These groups have parallel histories sharing many cultural similarities as well as a series of massacres, persecutions and expulsions, such as the expulsion from England in 1290 , the expulsion from Spain in 1492 , and the expulsion from Arab countries in 1948–1973 . Although the two branches comprise many unique ethno-cultural practices and have links to their local host populations (such as Central Europeans for the Ashkenazim and Hispanics and Arabs for the Sephardim), their shared religion and ancestry, as well as their continuous communication and population transfers, has been responsible for a unified sense of cultural and religious Jewish identity between Sephardim and Ashkenazim from the late Roman period to the present. OCLC 1032680871 . : “Etymology: Hebrew gālūth ” "Diaspora | Judaism" . The scattering of Jews had begun long before-occasionally through forced expulsion, much more frequently through voluntary migration.' E. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 .

Israel ≥ 1,000,000 ≥ 100,000 ≥ 10,000 ≥ 1,000 Scene from Lachish reliefs : Judahites from Lachish in Assyrian captivity , playing the lyre (cf. Psalm 137 from a later period: 'they that carried us away captive required of us a song'.) The Jewish diaspora ( Hebrew : גוֹלָה gōlā ), alternatively the dispersion ( תְּפוּצָה təfūṣā ) or the exile ( גָּלוּת gālūṯ ; Yiddish : גלות gōləs ), consists of Jews who reside outside of the Land of Israel . Historically, it refers to the expansive scattering of the Israelites out of their homeland in the Southern Levant and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the world, which gave rise to the various Jewish communities . In the Hebrew Bible , the term gālūṯ ( lit. ' exile ' ) denotes the fate of the Twelve Tribes of Israel over the course of two major exilic events in ancient Israel and Judah : the Assyrian captivity , which occurred after the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE; and the Babylonian captivity , which occurred after the Kingdom of Judah was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in the 6th century BCE. While those who were taken from Israel dispersed as the Ten Lost Tribes , those who were taken from Judah—consisting of the Tribe of Judah and the Tribe of Benjamin —became known by the identity " Jew " ( יְהוּדִי Yehūdī , lit. ' of Judah ' ) and were repatriated following the Persian conquest of Babylonia . A Jewish diaspora population existed for many centuries before the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. In the preceding Second Temple period , it existed as a consequence of various factors, including the creation of political and war refugees, enslavement, deportation, overpopulation, indebtedness, military employment, and opportunities in business, commerce, and agriculture. Prior to the mid-1st century CE, in addition to Judea , Syria , and Babylonia , large Jewish communities existed in the Roman provinces of Egypt , Crete and Cyrenaica , and in Rome itself. In 6 CE, most of the Southern Levant was organized as the Roman province of Judaea , where a large uprising led to the First Jewish–Roman War , which destroyed the Second Temple and most of Jerusalem . The Jewish defeat to the Roman army and the accompanying elimination of the symbolic centre of Jewish identity (the Temple in Jerusalem ) marked the end of Second Temple Judaism , motivating many Jews to formulate a new self-definition and adjust their existence to the prospect of an indefinite period of displacement. Nevertheless, intermittent warfare between Jewish nationalists and the Roman Empire continued for several decades. In 129/130 CE, the Roman emperor Hadrian ordered the construction of Aelia Capitolina over the ruins of Jerusalem, sparking the Bar Kokhba revolt in 132 CE. Led by Simon bar Kokhba , this uprising endured for four years, but was ultimately unsuccessful and became the last of the Jewish–Roman wars ; Jews were massacred or displaced across the province, banned from Jerusalem and its surrounding areas, and forbidden to practice Judaism , leading to a significant rise in the Jewish diaspora. By the Middle Ages , owing to increasing migration and resettlement, diaspora Jews divided into distinct regional groups that are generally addressed according to two primary geographical groupings: the Ashkenazi Jews , who coalesced in the Holy Roman Empire and Eastern Europe ; and the Sephardic Jews , who coalesced in the Iberian Peninsula and the Arab world . These groups have parallel histories, sharing many cultural similarities and experiences of persecution and expulsions and exoduses , such as the expulsion from England in 1290 , the expulsion from Spain in 1492 , and the expulsion from the Muslim world after 1948 . Although the two branches comprise many unique ethno-cultural practices and have links to their local host populations (such as Central Europeans for Ashkenazi Jews, and Hispanics and Arabs for Sephardic Jews), their common religious practices and shared ancestry , as well as their continuous communication and population transfers, have been responsible for cementing a unified sense of peoplehood between them since the late Roman period . OCLC 1032680871 . : “Etymology: Hebrew gālūth ” "Diaspora | Judaism" . The people and the faith of the Bible . Even where initial deportation came under duress, the relocated families remained in their new residences for generations—long after the issue of forced dislocation had become obsolete. No single objective impelled them; there were multiple motives. Overpopulation in Palestine may have been a factor for some, indebtedness for others. But hardship need not have been the spur for most. The new and expanded communities that sprang up in the wake of Alexander’s conquests served as magnets for migration. And Jews made their way to locations in both the eastern and western Mediterranean. Large numbers found employment as mercenaries, military colonists, or enlisted men in the regular forces. Others seized opportunities in business, commerce, or agriculture. All lands were open to them." E. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The early Roman period, Volume 3 .