Madhhab

Madh'hab ( Arabic : مذهب , pl. مذاهب ; transliterated Urdu : mazhab or mezheb ) is a Muslim school of law or fiqh (religious jurisprudence ). In the first 150 years of Islam , there were many such "schools". In fact, several of the Sahābah , or contemporary "companions" of Muhammad , are credited with founding their own. The prominent Islamic jurisprudence schools of Damascus in Syria (often named Awza'iyya ), Kufa and Basra in Iraq, and Medina in Arabia survived as the Maliki madh'hab , while the other Iraqi schools were consolidated into the Hanafi madh'hab . The Shafi'i , Hanbali , Zahiri and Jariri schools were established later, though the latter two schools eventually died out.

A madhhab ( maḏhab , , "doctrine"; pl. مذاهب maḏāhib , ; Turkish : mezhep ; Urdu : مذہب mazhab ) is a school of thought within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence ). In the first 150 years of Islam , there were numerous madhāhib ; several of the Sahabah ("companions" of Muhammad ) are credited with founding their own. Over the centuries they have variously grown, spread, split, and been absorbed; at one time, there were 130 schools, most have become obsolete. As of the Amman Message , eight are officially acknowledged by the leaders of the international Muslim community - four Sunni schools ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , and Hanbali ), two Shia schools ( Ja'fari , Zaidi ), the Ibadi school. and the Zahiri school. The theological schools ( Kalam ) formed at the same time and in the similar way. The main theological schools are three major Sunni schools ( Mu'tazili , Ash'ari and Maturidi ) and three major Shia schools ( Imamiyyah , Ismā'īlī and Zaidi ), along with several minor schools.

A madhhab ( maḏhab , , "way to act"; pl. مذاهب maḏāhib , ) is a school of thought within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence ). The major Sunni madhhabs are Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali . They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhhab. These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs. The Zahiri school, which is commonly identified as extinct, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in formation of the Twelver , Zaidi and Ismaili madhhabs, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman. The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, i.e. Mughal India 's Fatwa Alamgiri , the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple madhhabs, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulema as interpreters of the resulting laws. In the 20th century many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs. The Amman Message , which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali ), two Shia schools ( Ja'fari , Zaidi ), the Ibadi school and the Zahiri school. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Legal Thought and Jurisprudence" . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World .

School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence A Madhhab ( Madhhab , , "way to act". pl. مَذَاهِب Madhāhib , ) is a school of thought within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence ). The major Sunni Madhhab are Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali . They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhhab. These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs. The Zahiri school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the Ja'fari madhab amongst Twelver Shias , as well as the Isma'ili and Zaidi madhhabs amongst Isma'ilis and Zaidis respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs, is predominant in Oman. Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any madhhab. The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple madhhabs, and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulama as interpreters of the resulting laws. In the 20th century, many Islamic jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs. With the spread of Salafi influence and reformist currents in the 20th century; many Sunni scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the legal mechanisms of the four schools. Nevertheless, many of scholarship continues to uphold post-classical creedal belief in rigorously adhering ( Taqlid ) to one of the four schools in all legal details. The Amman Message , which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali ), two Shia schools ( Ja'fari , Zaidi ), the Ibadi school and the Zahiri school. The Muslim schools of jurisprudence are located in Pakistan , Iran , Bangladesh , India , Indonesia , Nigeria , Egypt , Turkey , Afghanistan , Kazakhstan , Russia , China , the Philippines , Algeria , Libya , Saudi Arabia and multiple other countries. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Legal Thought and Jurisprudence" . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives . This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non-madhhabi) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus.

School of thought within Islamic jurisprudence A madhhab ( Arabic : مَذْهَب , romanized : madhhab , lit. ' way to act ' , IPA: [ˈmaðhab] , pl. مَذَاهِب , madhāhib , [ˈmaðaːhib] ) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence . The major Sunni madhhab are Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali . They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all Islamic jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhhab . These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world. The first centuries of Islam also witnessed a number of short-lived Sunni madhhabs . The Zahiri school, which is considered to be endangered, continues to exert influence over legal thought. The development of Shia legal schools occurred along the lines of theological differences and resulted in the formation of the Ja'fari madhhab amongst Twelver Shias , as well as the Isma'ili and Zaydi madhhabs amongst Isma'ilis and Zaydis respectively, whose differences from Sunni legal schools are roughly of the same order as the differences among Sunni schools. The Ibadi legal school, distinct from Sunni and Shia madhhabs , is predominant in Oman. Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any madhhab . The transformations of Islamic legal institutions in the modern era have had profound implications for the madhhab system. With the spread of codified state laws in the Muslim world, the influence of the madhhabs beyond personal ritual practice depends on the status accorded to them within the national legal system. State law codification commonly drew on rulings from multiple madhhabs , and legal professionals trained in modern law schools have largely replaced traditional ulama as interpreters of the resulting laws. In the 20th century, some jurists began to assert their intellectual independence from traditional madhhabs . With the spread of Salafi influence and reformist currents in the 20th century; a handful of Salafi scholars have asserted independence from being strictly bound by the traditional legal mechanisms of the four schools. Nevertheless, the majority of Sunni scholarship continues to uphold post-classical creedal belief in rigorously adhering ( Taqlid ) to one of the four schools in all legal details. The Amman Message , which was endorsed in 2005 by prominent Islamic scholars around the world, recognized four Sunni schools ( Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali ), two Shia schools ( Ja'fari , Zaydi ), the Ibadi school, and the Zahiri school. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . In Emad El-Din Shahin (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Legal Thought and Jurisprudence" . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Reforms in Islamic Education: International Perspectives . This is due to the historical, sociological, cultural, rational and non-denominational (non- madhhabi ) approaches to Islam employed at IAINs, STAINs, and UINs, as opposed to the theological, normative and denominational approaches that were common in Islamic educational institutions in the past Rane, Halim, Jacqui Ewart, and John Martinkus.